Projektmanagement Einf

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COST WATCH WG1WG2 meeting Piraeus, Greece 18
19 April 2006
Private car traffic demand and land use planning
steering tools in the field of private off street
parking results from a best practice study
Klementschitz Roman Stark Juliane
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences Vienna, Austria
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Types of measures

1. Limiting the total number of private off-street
   parking spaces,
2. obligatory parking pricing for private off-street
   car parks, either to be paid by the real estate
   owner or the user of the car park (customer or
   employee) and
3. defining and negotiating trip-contingents based
   on a mobility plan (including exit-metering).

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Procedure of data collection

• Screening-Phase
• ? Relevant cities ? Relevant persons (experts)
• Detailed Analysis
• ? Interview supported by questionnaire ?
  Telephone or email interviews

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Case study cities
Stockholm
Helsinki
Aalborg
Copenhagen
Newcastle
Hamburg
Rostock
London
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Rotterdam
Erfurt
Aachen
Paris
Stuttgart
Munich
Linz
Zurich
Bern
Salzburg
Graz
Lyon
Innsbruck
Madrid
Thessalonica
Athens
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(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces

• In 21 out of 27 cities analysed the tool of
  limiting the total number of private off-street
  parking spaces is invented.
• In 12 of these cities the measure is obligatory
  at least for certain areas or for the whole city
  and practice examples are demonstrating the
  feasibility of the measure.
• Generally spoken, it can be stated, this mobility
  management tool is the most used one in the
  cities analysed.

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(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces
Stockholm
Helsinki
Aalborg
Copenhagen
Newcastle
Measure exists
Hamburg
Rostock
obligatory optional not at all
Amsterdam
London
Bremen
Berlin
Rotterdam
Erfurt
Aachen
Paris
Stuttgart
Munich
Linz
Zurich
Bern
Salzburg
Lyon
Innsbruck
Graz
Madrid
Thessalonica
Athens
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Regulation example Hamburg
Relation of upper limits of the number of private
off street parking spaces and gross floor space
in Hamburg
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Regulation example Hamburg
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Regulation example Helsinki
Relation of limits of the number of private
parking spaces, land use and floor space in
Helsinki (1 parking space / xx m² floor space)
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(1) Limiting the number of private parking spaces
Comparison of the limits of the number of parking
space for office buildings in city centres
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Practice example Helsinki
Office building Sörnäisten rantatie 19 /Helsinki
Sörnaisten rantatie
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Practice example Helsinki

• Office building
• Central area
• 15600 m² floor space
• Requirement in building permit45 parking spaces
  maximum
• 345m² floor space /parking space

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(2) Obligatory parking pricing

• Only one out of 27 cities implemented obligatory
  parking pricing for private off street parking
  spaces.
• A legal basis for implementing the measure exists
  in eight cities analysed.

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(2) Obligatory parking pricing
Stockholm
Helsinki
Aalborg
Kopenhagen
Newcastle
Measure exists
Hamburg
obligatory optional not at all
Rostock
Amsterdam
London
Bremen
Berlin
Rotterdam
Erfurt
Aachen
Paris
Stuttgart
Munich
Linz
Zurich
Bern
Salzburg
Graz
Lyon
Innsbruck
Madrid
Thessalonica
Athens
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(2) Obligatory parking pricing
Switzerland
Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)
Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)
Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)
Kantonal masterplan
for transport and enterprises
Traffic generatingbuilding
Obligatory parking pricing
Requirements in Building Permits
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Practice example Abtwil (Switzerland)

• Shopping mall and leisure centre Säntispark
• 12245m² sales floor
• 1022 parking spaces

Säntispark
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Practice example Abtwil (Switzerland)

• Immissions exceeds thresholds
• Obligatory parking pricing in the building permit
  (no refund)
• CHF 1.00 first hour (0.66 ) CHF 0.50 further
  hours (0.33 )no rebate for longer stays

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(3) Trip-contingents

• There are existing experiences with mobility
  management plans including the reduction of the
  number of trips in 19 out of 27 cities or regions
  - basically on voluntary basis.
• Such mobility plans are either agreed between
  operators and authorities or operator internally.
  
• The only exception is Switzerland, where not
  exceeding agreed trip contingents are causing
  consequents (e. g. the operator must increase the
  parking fees).

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(3) Trip-contingents
Stockholm
Helsinki
Aalborg
Kopenhagen
Newcastle
Measure exists
Hamburg
obligatory voluntary basis not at all
Rostock
London
Amsterdam
Bremen
Berlin
Rotterdam
Erfurt
Aachen
Paris
Stuttgart
München
Linz
Zürich
Bern
Salzburg
Graz
Lyon
Innsbruck
Madrid
Thessaloniki
Athen
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(3) Trip-contingents
Switzerland
Environmental Act (Umweltschutzgesetz)
Noise Act (Lärmschutz-VO)
Emission Act (Luftreinhalte-VO)
Kantonal masterplan
for transport and enterprises
Traffic generatingbuilding
Trip contingents
Requirements in Building Permits
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Practice example Zurich - Sihlcity

• 149038m² floor space - 35000m² sales floor -
  30000m² services - 15000m² cinema, food -
  20000m² hotel, housing
• Begin of construction July 2003
• Opening 2007

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Practice example Zurich - Sihlcity
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Practice example Zurich - Sihlcity

• Requirement in building permit
• 850 parking spaces (limited) 175 m² floor
  space/parking space
• Trip contingent8800 daily car trips ca. 5
  arrivals per parking space or 50 PT-share of
  visitors
• Case of exceeding - penalty per trip
  exceeded - increasing parking fees - reduction
  of parking spaces

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Conclusions

• Practice examples exist for all three types of
  measures.
• The experiences are generally positive and the
  effects are supporting the traffic development
  goals targeted.
• The measures are transferable to other cities
  easily.
• To prevent inequity of competition, it should be
  a goal to invent (and harmonize) the measures
  throughout Europe (or at least within one
  country).

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COST WATCH WG1WG2 meeting Piraeus, Greece 18
19 April 2006
Private car traffic demand and land use planning
steering tools in the field of private off street
parking results from a best practice study
Klementschitz Roman Stark Juliane
University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences Vienna, Austria