Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

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Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Bellwork 5

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A Fading Power

• Since the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian
  emperor Francis I and Metternich, his foreign
  minister, upheld conservative goals against
  liberal forces. Rule and change nothing, the
  emperor told his son.
• Under Francis and Metternich, newspapers could
  not even use the word constitution. The
  government tried to limit industrial development,
  which would threaten traditional ways of life.
• Austria, however, could not hold back the changes
  that were engulfing Europe. By the 1840s
  factories were springing up, and the Hapsburgs
  were facing the familiar problems of industrial
  life the growth of cities, worker discontent, and
  the stirrings of socialism.

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A Patchwork of People

• Equally disturbing to the old order were the
  urgent demands of nationalists.
• The Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands as long
  as they could. Peoples? Francis I once
  exclaimed. What does that mean? I know only
  subjects. As you have read, when nationalist
  revolts broke out across the empire in 1848, the
  government crushed them.

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Early Reforms

• Amid the turmoil, 18 year old Francis Joseph
  inherited the throne. He would rule until 1916,
  presiding over the empire during its fading days
  into World War I. Francis Joseph realized he
  needed to strengthen his empire at home and made
  some reforms after, Austria suffered its
  humiliation defeat by France and Sardinia in
  1859.

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Sec. 5

• Alexander I He eased censorship and promoted
  education. He even talked about freeing the
  serfs.
• Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism- To bolster
  his regime, Nicholas I embraced the pillars of
  Russian absolutism symbolized in the motto
  Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism.
  Orthodoxy referred to the strong ties between the
  Russian Orthodox Church and the government.
  Autocracy was the absolute power of the state.
  Nationalism involved respect for Russian
  traditions and suppression of non Russian groups
  within the empire.

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Voc. Words Sec. 5

• Zemstvos- were made responsible for matters such
  as road repair, schools, and agriculture.
• Pogroms- Official persecution encouraged violent
  mob attacks on Jews. This happened in Russia
  under Alexander III. The police did nothing to
  stop the violence. Faced with savage persecution,
  many Jews escaped from Russia.
• Refugees- People who flee their homeland to seek
  safety elsewhere. Large number of Jews went to
  United States. Though they often faced prejudice
  there, they were safe form pogroms and official
  persecution. Jewish Immigrants sent joyful news
  back to Russia. There is no czar in America.

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Bloody Sunday

• After, Russia suffered one humiliating defeat
  after another to Japan.
• Liberals called for a constitution and reforms to
  overhaul and inefficient, corrupt government.
• On Sunday January 22, 1905 Father George Gabon,
  organized a march. He felt certain that the
  Little Father, as Russians called the czar,
  would help his people if only he understood their
  sufferings. They people marched toward Winter
  Palace. They caried holy icons and pictures of
  czar. They also, sang hymns and prayed.

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• Fearing the marchers, the czar had fled the
  palace and called in soldiers. As the people
  approached, they saw troops lined up across the
  square. Suddenly, a crack of gunfire rang out,
  followed by another and another. Men and women
  reeled and fell. Hundreds lay dead in the snow.
  One marcher cried out How dare they shoot at a
  religious procession, at the portraits of the
  czar?
• A woman stumbling away from the scene of the
  massacre moaned The czar has deserted us! They
  shot away the orthodox faith. Indeed, the
  slaughter marked a turning point for Russians.
  Bloody Sunday killed the peoples faith and
  trust in the czar.