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Contemporary Literary Theory

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Title: Contemporary Literary Theory


1
Contemporary Literary Theory Feminism
2
Agenda
  • POSTMODERNISM
  • LITERARY THEORY
  • New Criticism
  • Structuralism
  • Archetypal / myth criticism
  • Marxist / ideological
  • Psychoanalytical
  • Poststructuralism
  • Deconstruction theory
  • Cultural materialism
  • Feminism
  • Queer theory
  • Postcolonialism

3
Western Humanist View of Language
What Is Language?
as
  • People are the same everywhere
  • There are universal laws and truths
  • Knowledge is objective, independent of culture,
    gender, etc.
  • Language is a man-made tool that refers to real
    things / truths
  • I, the subject, speak language
  • I have a discernible self
  • The self is the center of existence

TRADITIONAL WESTERN MODERN THINKING
4
Literary Theory
5
Modernity PostModern
Universality vs. localism
  • Literature as expression of universal truths
    contained in archetypal metaphors
  • Literature as an ideological expression of local,
    culturally constructed truths that are highly
    fluid and dependent on the readers perspective
    in time and place

POSTMODERNISM
6
Modernity PostModern
Universality vs. localism
  • Art is representational
  • Language and imagery can be used to evoke the
    real
  • Metaphysics of presence (I, the speaker, am
    present and impose order on the universe
    presence or being is central to all systems of
    thought)
  • Language is a system of relations from which the
    referent is absent
  • Signification without representation
  • I am just a part of the signifying system of
    language language speaks me

POSTMODERNISM
7
Structuralist PostStructuralist
Universality vs. localism
  • Universal meaning
  • Meaning is culturally independent
  • Culture inseparable from meaning

POSTMODERNISM
8
The PostModern Turn
Now What?
  • The white-Western-male view of the world is dead
  • Truth, identity, gender, etc. are social
    constructs, contingent and local
  • Its all relative and pluralistic
  • The author is dead. The reader rules.
  • All literature is propaganda.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
9
Literary Theory
Three Perspectives
  • THE AUTHOR

10
Literary Theory
Three Perspectives
  • THE AUTHOR
  • THE TEXT

11
Literary Theory
Three Perspectives
  • THE AUTHOR
  • THE TEXT
  • THE READER

12
Literary Theory
Celebrating Diversity
  • Different constructs of reality
  • Lenses through which we see the world

?
POSTMODERNISM
13
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Ancient History
as
  • POETICS Mimetic Theory (learn through example
    representation)
  • History represents the particular
  • Poetry represents the universal
  • Complete and unified action, beginning middle
    and end, short memorable stories
  • Good plot reversal of fortune
  • Anagnorsis recognition of an unknown truth
  • Tragic mimesis Great characters that evoke pity
    and fear
  • Comedy Flawed characters

14
Structuralism
Hidden Structures
  • The forces governing human behavior are hidden
    but detectable
  • Search for underlying hidden structures
  • Science grand unifying theory
  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Anthropology universal archetypes
  • Language

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM
15
New Criticism (1950s)
The Sanctity of the Text
as
  • View literature as a valid form of knowledge and
    as a communicator of truths inaccessible via
    scientific and other discourse
  • A work of literature has an organic structure
  • Objective way of analyzing literature
  • Authors intentions are irrelevant
  • The meaning is in the text (textual criticism)

TEXTUAL THEORY
16
Archetypal Criticism
The Savage Mind
as
  • CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS
  • French anthropologist
  • Took Saussures theories about language and
    applied them to the study of myth and culture
  • Man obeys laws that are inherent in the brain
  • Myths are not made by an individualbut by the
    collective human consciousness

STRUCTURALISM
17
Claude Levi-Strauss
The Grammar of Myth
  • Every culture organizes knowledge into binary
    pairs
  • Different myths are all variations on a number of
    very basic themes
  • A kind of grammar for narratives inherent in the
    human mind
  • Certain constant universal structures called
    mythemes

STRUCTURALISM
18
Claude Levi-Strauss
The Same Old Stories
  • LANGUAGE predates the individual
  • REALITY is a product of language
  • Jonah and Christ are the same story
  • Thus all myths are timeless
  • Hero needs to overcome an obstacle
  • A story about a guy who loves a girl who is
    inaccessible
  • Woman wants to make chicken soup has no chicken
  • SAME STORY incomplete/completeness

STRUCTURALISM
19
Structuralism
Language Creates Us
  • Literature reflects universal psyche of the
    human mind
  • Language and culture produce subjects(the I is
    decentered)
  • Binary oppositions (organizing thought patterns
    that are based upon universal laws)
  • Good / evil
  • Spiritual / earthly
  • Masculine / feminine
  • Rational / emotional
  • Community / individual desire

STRUCTURALISM
20
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Repressed Truths
as
  • KEY CONCEPTS
  • Id, Superego, Ego
  • Resolution of Oedipus complex gt the Self
  • Repression
  • Dreams displacement and condensation(metaphor
    and metonomy)
  • Neurosis and psychosis
  • Transference

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
21
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Behavior Modification
as
  • We cant know the mind--so why worry about it?
  • Focus on behavior what is observable
  • Perceptions, thoughts, images, feelings are
    subjective and immune to measurement
  • Operant conditioning (aversive reinforcing
    stimuli)
  • Skinner Box-- rat in a cage
  • Walden II (utopian vision)

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
22
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Class Struggle
as
  • Communist Manifesto
  • Saw capitalism as a driving force of history
  • Predicted that it would conquer the world
  • Lead to globalization of national economies and
    cultures
  • Would divide world between haves and
    have-nots
  • Class struggle
  • Advocated abolition of private property,
    traditional marriage, concentration of political
    power in the hands of the proletariat

IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM
23
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Text as Power
  • Questions a Marxist literary critic would ask
  • Who was the text written for? Is it a power
    play on the part of one class to dominate
    another?
  • What is the underlying ideology?
  • Does the main character affirm or resist
    bourgeoise values?
  • Whose story gets told? Who is left out?
  • In what way are characters or groups of
    peoplecommodified?
  • Role of media consumerism?

IDEOLOGICAL
IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM
24
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
(Transitional)
Language Is Us
as
  • Self and identity are social constructions.
  • Our unconscious is just not inside us.
  • It is formed by language which is outside us and
    constructs our sense of self.
  • Language, our parents, the unconscious, the
    symbolic order represent the OTHER.

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
25
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
We Want Our Mothers
as
  • IMAGINARY PHASE One with mother (Oedipal)
  • MIRROR STAGE We recognize a separate being in
    mirror, feel lack for mother recognition of
    OTHER but not SELF birth of the never-fulfilled
    ego (ideal self-image)
  • SYMBOLIC (Oedipal crisis) World of language and
    authority Father rules reason and order
    unconscious is formed emergence of desire
  • REAL Ultra-conscious experiences that lie beyond
    Language such as death, terror, ecstasy, love
    inexpressible Kants thing in itself the
    complete unattainable world

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
26
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
We Want Our Mothers
as
  • Phallogocentric view of life
  • Male bias of authority
  • God the Father
  • We move from the lost plenitude of the originary
    mother-infant symbiotic state to a state
    dominated by Language and Logos (reason,
    knowledge, systems of order)
  • This provokes a sense of desire
  • Feminists based theories upon Lacan

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
27
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
We Want Our Mothers
as
  • IMAGINARY Privileges fantasies and dreams
  • SYMBOLIC Tries to make sense of the sensory
    through cultural authority, policeable by the
    intellect
  • (Freud tried to translate the Imaginary Order
    into the conceptual Symbolic Order)

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
28
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
The Unconscious As Other
as
  • There is no separation between self and society.
  • Society inhabits and informs the individual.
  • Humans continue to look for an imaginary
    wholeness and unity
  • We have a perpetual lack of wholeness (perennial
    lack).

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
29
Jacques Lacan (1901-81)
The Unconscious As Other
as
  • We constantly negate our identities.

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
30
Poststructuralism
Rejection of Essentialism
as
  • POSTMODERN LITERARY THEORY
  • Not a unified school A group of theoretical
    positions
  • Self-reflexive discourse that is aware of the
    tentativeness, slipperiness, ambiguities and
    complex interrelations between texts and
    meanings. (Lye)
  • Rejects
  • Totalizing view All phenomenon under one concept
  • Essentialist concept Reality independent of
    language
  • Foundationalism Stable signifying systems rooted
    in human thought

POSTMODERNISM
31
Poststructuralism
All Truths Are Cultural
as
  • STRUCTURALISM
  • The individual is sacred
  • The mind as the realm of meaning
  • Universal laws and essences
  • Inherent universal meanings that precede the text
  • POSTSTRUCTURALISM
  • The subject is a cultural construct
  • Mind created from interactions as situated
    symbolic beings
  • Truth is local language creates reality
  • Meaning is intertextual, determined by social
    discourse changes with history

POSTMODERNISM
32
Poststructuralism
A Rose is Not a Cow
as
  • Meanings are often hidden in the texts
  • Real meaning can be unlocked by deconstructing
    the text
  • Must consider psychological, cultural,
    ideological, gender and other power positions
    of author, characters, intended readers
  • Words are an endless chain of signifiers,
    pointing to nothing but themselves

POSTMODERNISM
33
Roland Barthes (1915-80)
The Author Is Dead
as
  • The author is dead.
  • The text is a multi-dimensional space in which a
    variety of writings, none of them original, blend
    and clash.
  • The reader produces a text on his or her own
    terms, forging meanings from what has already
    been read, seen, done, lived.

PRECURSORS OF POSTMODERNISM
34
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Down with Descartes
as
Deconstruction is a theory of reading which aims
to undermine the logic of opposition within
texts.
  • Skeptical postmodernist
  • Attacks fundamental principles of Western
    philosophy
  • Influenced by Nietzsche and Heidegger
  • Attacks from a structuralist foundation
  • Agrees that meaning is not inherent in signs
  • Strongly disagrees with bifurcation of
    structuralism

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
35
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Language as Metaphor
  • Nietzsche influence
  • Language is radically metaphorical in nature
  • Every idea originates through an equating of the
    unequal
  • Metaphors are essentially groundless
  • All assumptions must be questioned
  • Must consider vast plurality of wills to power

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
36
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
The Dangers of Dualism
as
  • STRUCTURALISM is inherently flawed
  • Argues that all STRUCTURES have an implied center
  • All systems have binary oppositions
  • One part more important than another (good/evil,
    male/female)
  • This is logocentrismbasic to all Western thought
    since Plato

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
37
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Whats Black Is White
as
  • LANGUAGE MEANING
  • A meaning is always temporal and part of a
    network of meanings, part of a chain of meanings
    in a chain or system to which it belongs which is
    always changing.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
38
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Viv Le Difference
as
  • THE SELF AS FICTION
  • Our self-presence is a fiction, we are in a
    constant state of differing and deferrence. As
    our center is not really a center, our
    self-presence is a fiction we create to disguise
    the play of opposition and displacement within
    which we live.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
39
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Ecriture
as
  • INTERTEXTUALITY
  • All texts refer to other texts (just as signs
    refer to other signs).
  • No interpretations are final.
  • The authority of any text is provisional.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
40
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
No Final Signified
as
  • STRUCTURALISM
  • Signified
  • Signifier

DECONSTRUCTION Signified Signifier
Signifier Signifier
POSTSTRUCTURALISM
41
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
The Unsaid Truth
as
  • DECONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION
  • Find binary opposition and implied center
  • Refute claims
  • Find contradictions, self-imposed logic that is
    faulty
  • Focus on what text is saying is other than what
    it appears to be saying
  • Look for gaps, margins, figures, echoes,
    digressions, discontinuities

Malerationalism
Femaleemotions
POSTSTRUCTURALISM
42
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Deconstructing Rousseau
as
  • BINARY OPPOSITIONS
  • Nature / culture
  • Health / disease
  • Purity / contamination
  • Simplicity / complexity
  • Good / evil
  • Speech / writing
  • ASSUMED CENTER
  • Nature is good
  • WHAT HE IS REALLY SAYING
  • Theme of lost innocence
  • Naïve romantic illusion
  • Western guilt overcolonization

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
43
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Male Domination
as
  • Exclusions and repressions as important as what
    is saidin fact are more central they point to
    the contingency of a central part
  • What is not said provides clues to authors real
    views of power
  • Male Western authorities have encoded within
    their work silence about women and others
    (rationalized exploitation of others without
    knowing it).

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
44
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Under Erasure
as
  • Man can find truth in nature.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
45
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Richness of Language
  • FREEDOM FROM TYRANNY
  • Meaning circulates by difference, by being other.
  • It is creative and inventive.
  • Affirms multiplicity, paradoxes, richness of our
    life .
  • Frees ourselves from tyrannies of univocal
    readings.
  • Opposes humanism, which puts man at the center.
    One can talk about ideas and work with views that
    man is at the center only by placing them under
    erasure.
  • Closer to reality, less artificial

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
46
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Destruction is Good
as
  • "If anything is destroyed in a deconstructive
    reading, it is not the text, but the claim to
    unequivocal domination of one mode of signifying
    over another. A deconstructive reading is a
    reading which analyses the specificity of a
    text's critical difference from itself."

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
47
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
Fuzzy Reality
as
  • Some literature that recognizes the highly
    mediated nature of our experience, and are
    playful, ironic, explicitly intertextual and
    deconstruct themselves may be closer to reality.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
48
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
What is Truth?
  • What, therefore, is truth? A mobile army of
    metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms truths
    are illusions of which one has forgotten that
    they are illusions
  • -- Nietzsche

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
49
Jaques Derrida (1930-)
A Long Way from Aristotle
  • TRADITIONAL THEORIES
  • Mimetic
  • Didactic
  • Expressive of truths
  • DECONSTRUCTION
  • The author is dead
  • History and literature become processes of
    intertextuality
  • The careful reader is king

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
50
Jean Baudrillard (1929-)
You Are What You Consume
  • Cultural materialist
  • Consumer objects signs that differentiate the
    population
  • Our postmodern society is no longer real. It is
    a simulation of the real.
  • Mass media consumerism have created a new myth
    of reality that we accept as real.
  • We live in a state of hyper-reality.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
51
Jean Baudrillard (1929-)
The Myth of America
  • America is a spectacle
  • An illusionary paradise
  • TV is the world
  • Advertising gives consumers illusion of freedom
  • All is well is the party line
  • Illusion perpetuated by media culture

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
52
Jean Baudrillard (1929-)
The Matrix
  • Simulacrum a copy of a copy whose relation to
    the model has become so attenuated that it can no
    longer properly be said to be a copy. It stands
    on its own as a copy without a model.
  • The airless atmosphere has asphyxiated the
    referent, leaving us satellites in aimless orbit
    around an empty center. We breathe an ether of
    floating images that no longer bear a relation to
    any reality whatsoever.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
53
Jean Baudrillard (1929-)
The Matrix
  • In The Matrix, people are living what has
    already been lived and reproduced with no reality
    anymore but that of the cannibalized image (Paul
    Martin).
  • Neo hides illegal software in Baudrillards book,
    Simulacra and Simulation (like Western gun
    fighters hid guns in Bibles).
  • The virtual replaces the real.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
54
Feminist Literary Theory
The Second Sex
  • SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1908-1986)
  • The Second Sex
  • Questioned the othering of women by Western
    philosophy
  • Rediscovery of forgotten womens literature
  • Revolutionary advocacy of sexual politics
  • Questioning of underlying phallocentric, Western,
    rational ideologies
  • Pluralism gender, sexual, cultural, ethnicity,
    postcolonial perspectives

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
55
Feminist Literary Theory
Gender As a Social Construct
  • Exorcise the male mind
  • Deconstructs logocentricism of male discourse
  • Sees gender as a cultural construct
  • So are stereotypes
  • Focus on unique problems of feminism
  • History and themes of women literature
  • Female language
  • Psycho-dynamics of female creativity

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
56
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • JULIA KRISTEVA (1941-)
  • Psychologist, linguist novelist
  • Influenced by Barthes, Freud Lacan
  • Dismantles all ideologies, including feminism
  • Does not consider herself a feminist
  • Disagrees with patriarchal views of Freud and
    Lacan
  • Pre-Oedipal maternal body source of semiotic
    aspect of language

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
57
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • SEMIOTIC SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICATION
  • SEMIOTIC
  • The bodily drive as it is discharged in
    signification
  • Associated with the rhythms, tones, and movement
  • Associated with the maternal body

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
58
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • SYMBOLIC
  • Associated with the grammar and structure of
    signification.
  • Makes reference possible.
  • The logic of signification is already operating
    within the materiality of the body.
  • There is a maternal regulation or law which
    prefigures the paternal law which Freudian
    psychoanalysts have maintained is necessary for
    signification. The regulation or grammar and laws
    of language, then, are already operating on the
    level of matter (the maternal body).

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
59
Feminist Literary Theory
I Am Woman
  • ABJECTION (to throw away dispicable)
  • Identity is constituted by excluding anything
    that threatens one's own (or one's group's)
    borders.
  • The maternal function is a threat to a womans
    identity.
  • In a patriarchial society, we are forced to
    accept out maternal bodies (cannot abject them).
  • Thus women develop depressive sexuality.
  • But no need to reject motherhood--just need a new
    discourse of maternity--and willingness ti
    explore and accept multiple identities.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
60
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • Maternal regulation is the law before the law.
  • Freud and Lacan maintain that the child enters
    the social by virtue of the paternal function,
    specifically paternal threats of castration.
  • Kristeva asks why, if our only motivation for
    entering the social is fear, more of us aren't
    psychotic?

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
61
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • Religion, specifically Catholicism (which makes
    the mother sacred), and science (which reduces
    the mother to nature) are the only discourses of
    maternity available to Western culture.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
62
Feminist Literary Theory
Feminizing Freud
  • Maternal function cannot be reduced to mother,
    feminine, or woman.
  • Kristeva tries to counter-act stereotypes that
    reduce maternity to nature.
  • Each one of us is what she calls a
    subject-in-process--in contrast with traditional
    notions of an autonomous unified (masculine)
    subject.

Source Kelly Oliver, Virginia Tech
POSTSTRUCTURALISM
63
Feminist Literary Theory
Madness, Holiness Poetry
  • Masculine symbolic order represses feminine
    semiotic order
  • Semiotic open to men and women writers
  • Semiotic is creative--marginal discourse of the
    avant garde
  • Raw material of signification from pre-Oedipal
    drives (linked to mother)
  • Realm of the subversive forces of madness,
    holiness and poetry
  • Creative, unrepressed energy

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
64
Feminist Literary Theory
I Am Woman
  • Challenges Judeo-Christian icons of woman.
  • Balancing act live within Lacans symbolic order
    of patriarchal laws without losing uniqueness.
  • Women can produce own symbols and language.
  • Multiplicity of female expression
  • To break the code, to shatter language, to find
    specific discourse closer to the body and
    emotions, to the unnamable repressed by the
    social contract. --Kristeva

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
65
Feminist Literary Theory
Binary Equals
as
  • ALICE JARDINE, Gynesis (1982)
  • Woman as a binary opposition
  • Man/woman
  • Rational/irrational
  • Good/evil
  • Implied male logocentricism
  • The concept of jouissance

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
66
Helene Cixcous
The Joy of Jouissance
as
  • Critic, novelist, playwright
  • Picks up where Lacan leaves off
  • Denounces patriarchal binary oppositions
  • Women enter into the Symbolic Order differently
  • Deconstructs patriarchal Greek myths
  • Femininity (jouissance) unrepresentable in
    phallocentric scheme of things
  • Favors a bisexual view

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
67
Helene Cixcous
Deconstructing Sigmund
as
  • Women are closer to the Imaginary
  • Women more fluid, less fixed
  • The individual woman must write herself
  • Feminine literature not objective erase
    differences between order and chaos, text and
    speech inherently deconstructive
  • Admires Joyce and Poe
  • Men can produce feminist literature

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
68
Queer Theory
Queer Ideas
as
  • Gender and sexuality not essential to identity
  • Socially constructed
  • Mutable and changeable
  • Self shaped by language, signs and signifiers.
  • Self becomes a subject in language, with more
    multiplicity of meaning.
  • Western ideas of sexual identity come from
    science, religion, economics and politics and
    were constructed as binary oppositions

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
69
Queer Theory
Deconstructing Sex
as
  • Queer theory deconstructs all binary oppositions
    about human sexuality.
  • Encourages the examination of the world from an
    alternative view.
  • Allows for the inclusion of gender, sexuality,
    race and other areas of identity by noticing the
    distinctions between identities, communities, and
    cultures.
  • Challenges heterosexism and homophobia, in
    addition to racism, misogyny and other oppressive
    discourses while celebrating diversity.

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
70
Postcolonialism
The Myth of the Orient
as
  • Attempts to resurrect colonized cultures
  • Deconstruct Western view of third-world nations
    as otherness
  • Edward Said Orientalism was an artificial word
    constructed by the West to talk about and the
    East (Typical binary opposition)
  • Empire-building nations used literature as power
  • Ingrained Western myths phallic logocentricism
    in colonized people

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
71
So?
Now What?
  • The white-Western-male view of the world is dead
  • New Criticism, Marxism Structuralism are passe
  • We now have a new set of lenses to view the
    world
  • We understand the importance of being
    suspicious(literature is not necessarily
    sincere)
  • We recognize that truth, identity, gender, etc.
    are social constructs, contingent and local
  • We recognize the power of discourse
  • PM explains the global world in which we live

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
72
The Dangers of Postmodernism
Proceed with Caution
  • Can lead to intellectual nihilism cynicism
  • From the comfortable foundation of humanism to
    absolute relativism and pluralism
  • Whose lens is correct? Who says so?
  • Is humanism really all that bad?
  • Its all theory
  • How do we use theory? Apply all to all texts?
  • Glib, hip intellectualism

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
73
Where Do We Go from Here?
Proceed with Caution
  • Has the progress of history come to a
    dead-end?(as Foucault and Lyotard suggest)
  • Have we reached the point of self-defeating moral
    relativism?
  • Jameson
  • We need narratives, and some sort of history
  • We need to re-endow the individual
  • History, literature have important functions
  • Sarup
  • We need to keep the Enlightenment project alive

POSTSTRUCTURALISM
74
Different Ways to Read a Film/Novel
  • Archetypal
  • Freudian / Lacanian
  • Ideological
  • Deconstructionist
  • Feminist
  • Queer
  • Post-colonial
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