Chapter 23: Nationalism Triumphs through Europe

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Chapter 23 NationalismTriumphs through Europe

• Section 1 Building a German Nation
• Section 2 Strengthening Germany
• Section 3 Unifying Italy
• Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
• Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• Summary
• Otto Von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, led
  the drive for German Unity

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• In the early 1800s, most German-speaking people
  were loyal to their own states
• From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon of France raided
  German lands
• Feelings of Nationalism stirred in those who
  fought French rule
• Some Germans called for German Unity

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• In the 1830s, Prussia set up a trade agreement
  among German states
• Each state still governed itself, but Prussia had
  become a clear leader under King William I

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• Otto Von Bismarck, appointed chancellor in 1862,
  guided Prussian Government policies
• Bismarcks goal was to unite the German States
  under Prussian rule
• Bismarcks policy was known as Blood and Iron
• Blood stood for his willingness to engage other
  countries in warfare
• Iron symbolized his desire to forge Germany into
  a modern industrialized nation

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• Bismarcks aggressive tactics to unify Germany
  included participation in three wars between 1864
  and 1870
• 1864 Prussia allies with Austria to defeat
  Demark
• 1866 Prussia defeats Austria
• 1870 Franco-Prussian War, Prussia defeats France

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• Question
• What do these wars all have in common?
• Answer
• All resulted in Prussian victories
• All resulted in Prussian territorial gains
• All encouraged German nationalism, or pride in
  being German

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• Bismarck used Prussias victory over France to
  unite the German states under the leadership of
  William I

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Section 1 Building a German Nation

• William I of Prussia becomes Kaiser William
  I, the Emperor of Germany
• Together, Kaiser William I and Otto Von Bismarck
  become two of the most powerful people in Europe

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• Summary
• Germany increased its power by building up its
  industry and military

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• After Germany unified in 1871, it became the
  leader of industry in Europe
• Before unification, many German states already
  had big factories and well-built railroads
• The new nation built upon this progress

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• German Advantages
• Germany had plenty of coal and iron, both needed
  by industries of the late 1800s
• A population boom provided Germans to work and
  buy products

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck had great plans for
  Germany
• Foreign goals
• Keep France weak isolated
• Build alliances with Austria Russia
• Domestic Goals
• Crush all opposition

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• Bismarcks attempts to control German citizens
  sometimes met with outrage
• His anti-Catholic campaign sought to undermine
  the authority of the church, but resulted in a
  public backlash of support for Catholics
• Bismarck was forced to end his attacks

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• Bismarck also feared the growing power of
  socialists could lead to a revolt
• He banned socialists from holding public meetings
• When workers ignored the bans, Bismarck set
  up new programs to meet their needs
• He felt that happy workers would not turn to
  Socialism

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• In 1888, William II became the next Kaiser
• William II wanted absolute power
• In 1890 William II shocked the world by asking
  Bismarck to step down
• He also rolled back even the modest democratic
  reforms William I Bismarck had allowed

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Section 2 Strengthening Germany

• William II made sure all of his people had good
  services, including
• Schools, where students were taught to obey the
  Kaiser
• The continued expansion of what was already the
  largest army in Europe, including the development
  of modern weaponry
• The building of the worlds most modern navy
• The DESIRE to gain overseas colonies

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• Summary
• In the 1800s, influential leaders helped to
  create a unified Italy

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• When the Roman Empire fell in the 400s, Italy
  split into many kingdoms
• In the 1800s, Napoleon of France combined some of
  the kingdoms
• Italians began to dream of one Free land

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Austrian controlled lands
Land controlled by the Catholic Church
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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• After the reign of Napoleon, Italy was still
  divided
• Nationalists wanted unity, but regional
  differences worked against them
• Austria ruled in N. Italy
• The R.C. Church controlled central Italy

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• Skilled leaders fought for unification
• In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a rebel
  group called Young Italy
• In the kingdom of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel
  II made plans to rule all of Italy
• In 1852, he named Camillo Cavour as prime minister

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• Sardinia became the center of the fight for unity
• Cavour joined with France in a war against
  Austria
• As Cavour gained land and respect for Sardinia,
  more N. Italian states allied with Sardinia

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a force that won Sicily
  and then moved north
• Meanwhile, Cavour sent troops south
• The two armies overran all the Italian states but
  Venetia and Rome
• As of 1861, Victor Emmanuel ruled the united lands

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• By 1871, all foreign control of Italian land had
  ended
• The Pope could not fight off the Italian troops,
  therefore Rome was surrendered and became the new
  capital city of unified Italy

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Section 3 Unifying Italy

• The new (united) Italy faced conflicts
• The urban north quarreled with the rural south
• The Catholic Church continued to resist
• Unrest grew as groups called for social change
  male suffrage

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Quiz on a separate piece of paper answer the
following questions

• 1.) What individual is most responsible for the
  unification of both Germany Italy?
• 2.) Who was known as the Iron Chancellor?
• 3.) What Italian kingdom was Camillo Cavour the
  Prime Minister of?
• 4.) The most powerful German state was?
• 5.) Who was the 1st Kaiser of Germany?

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Effects of Nationalism on Europe
Germany
Italy
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Effects of Nationalism on Europe
Ottoman Empire
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Summary
• Desires for national independence threatened to
  break up the Austrian and Ottoman Empires

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• The spirit of nationalism helped unite Germany
  and Italy
• It also helped to break up two empires

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• In 1800, the Hapsburgs of Austria were the oldest
  ruling family in Europe
• They controlled Bohemia Hungary
• They also ruled parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine
  Italy

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• However, loyalties to regions and ethnic groups
  were growing
• Nationalist minority groups wanted to be free
  from the Austrian Empire
• These groups wanted self-rule

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• In 1867, the leaders of Hungary worked out a deal
  with Austria
• They set up the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
• The Emperor of Austria still ruled as king of
  Hungary, but Austria and Hungary were separate
  states

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Austria Hungary each now had the freedom to
  make its own laws, but each were also soon
  burdened with unrest
• By 1900, nationalists in lands controlled by the
  Austria-Hungarian Empire began pressing for
  liberty self-determination

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Quiz - on a separate piece of paper answer the
following questions

• (Provide definitions for questions 1-4)
• 1.) Self-determination
• 2.) Self-rule
• 3.) Dual monarchy
• 4.) Nationalism
• 5.) What 2 nations made up the dual monarchy of
  the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a huge
  Empire
• It was home to many groups
• Among them were the
• Serbs
• Greeks
• Bulgarians
• Romanians

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• During the 1800s, groups in the Balkans rebelled
• Serbia won its freedom in 1817
• Greece freed itself in the 1830s
• As the Ottomans continued to lose power European
  nations saw an opportunity to expand their empires

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Section 4 Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain France all
  took part in wars and changing alliances
• At the same time, groups within the empire
  launched revolts and fought among themselves

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• Summary
• Industrialization and reforms came more slowly to
  Russia than to Western Europe

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• By 1800, Western Europe had entered the
  industrial age
• Russia on the other hand, saw little economic
  growth
• The Czars feared change might weaken their
  control
• Also a rigid class system of social classes
  blocked progress

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• Wealthy nobles owned all farmlands
• They cared little about industry
• The middle class was too small to have much power
• Most Russians were serfs who toiled for the
  landowners
• As long as people served masters, Russia could
  not move forward

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• Alexander II, freed the serfs in 1861
• His few reforms, or changes, did not satisfy many
  Russians
• As a result he was assassinated in 1881

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• His son, Alexander III, persecuted all
  non-Russians
• He insisted on one language (Russian) and one
  church (Russian Orthodox
• Jews were beaten and killed in attacks known as
  pogroms
• Many Russians to other lands to avoid persecution

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• Under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II,
  Russia at last entered the industrial Age
• But factory owners were often as unfair to
  workers as the nobles had been to serfs

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• On January 22, 1905, a priest led marchers to the
  palace of the Czar
• They called for an end to poverty and a voice in
  government

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• Soldiers opened fire and killed hundreds of
  demonstrators
• That day, known as Bloody Sunday, sparked a
  revolution

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Section 5 Russia Reform Reaction

• After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II agreed to set up
  an elected Duma, or body of lawmakers
• However, its powers were limited
• As a result, unrest among peasants and workers
  did not end