Nationalism in Europe

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Nationalism in Europe

• Chapter 10

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Building a German Nation
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Source Prentice Hall Presentation Express
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Steps Toward Unity

• Napoleons defeat changed pwr structure of
  German states
• Germans call for unification
• 1848 liberals demanded German political unity
• Offered Prussian ruler Frederick William IV the
  throne
• He declined, Bismarck becomes Chancellor

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Bismarck Unites Germany

• Bismarck united the German states under Prussian
  rule
• Built up Prussian army
• won provinces from Denmark north German states
  under Austria
• Prussia defeated Napoleon IIIs forces in
  Franco-Prussian War of 1870

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Birth of German Empire

• William I of Prussia became Kaiser declared the
  birth of the Second Reich

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Germany Strengthens
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Germany Becomes Industrial Giant

• Natural resources educated workforce led to
  fast industrial dev
• Railroads reorg of banking system improve
  economy
• Scientists developed new products for industrial
  uses

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The Iron Chancellor

• Tried to stifle opposition w/in Germany
• Wanted Catholics put state above the Church
• state control over Catholic education
• expelled the Jesuits from Prussia
• To keep socialists at bay, banned their
  newspapers mtgns
• Both groups rallied enough support to cause
  Bismarck change his ways

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Kaiser William II

• Bid for absolute power-asked Bismarck to resign
• His nationalism military buildup increased
  tensions that led to WWI

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The Proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser of the New
German Reich
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Unifying Italy
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Obstacles to Unity

• Congress of Vienna
• Austria given much northern Italy
• Hapsburgs French Bourbon controlled other
  Italian states
• Giuseppe Mazzini nationalists wanted unite
  peninsula people

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• After Congress of Vienna
• Austrian Prince Metternich wanted Congress of
  Vienna to maintain old Europe, old relationships
• 15 years after Congress, old order destroyed
  beyond repair
• 1800s, nationalism a growing force in Europe,
  fostered by decisions made at Congress of Vienna

• National Groups Ignored
• Congress had ignored national groups, placing
  them under control of large empires some empires
  included different ethnic groups
• Italians split into three groupsmuch of northern
  Italy under Austrian rule, other states under
  Hapsburgs, still others under a French ruler
• Italian nationalism grew in opposition to these
  conditions

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Mazzini and Young Italy
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The Path Toward Unity
As Italian nationalism grew, some Italians led
unsuccessful rebellions. Then two men rose to
lead a successful movement to unify Italy.
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Sardinia and Italy

• Kingdom of Sardinia
• 1852, Cavour became prime minister of independent
  Kingdom of Sardinia
• Believed thriving economy important for Italy to
  be reborn

• Economy
• Cavour worked to build Sardinian economy
• Believed Italy should be reborn as monarchy

• Ally
• Cavour in position to cultivate powerful ally
• Supported France in war with Russia gave France
  provinces of Savoy, Nice

• Frances Support
• France agreed to support Sardinia in war against
  Austria
• 1860, northern Italian states liberated from
  control of Austrian Empire

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Identify Cause and Effect How did Cavour help
Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire?
Answer(s) He cultivated an alliance with the
French.
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Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

• Sword of Italy
• Many Italians consider Cavour brain of Italian
  unification, Mazzini heart
• Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called sword of
  Italy
• Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833

• Exile
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee
  Italy twice
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while
  living in South America
• Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free
  Italy from Austrian domination

• Return
• 1854, Garibaldi returned for good
• Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in
  war against Austria
• After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give
  up Lombardy, retaining Venetia

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Control and Elections
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Find the Main Idea What actions led Garibaldi to
be called the sword of Italian unification?
Answer(s) He used guerilla tactics to gain
control of the southern Italian states.
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Struggle for Italy

• Victor Emmanuel II, Sardinia, wanted enlarge
  kingdom
• His prime minister, Count Camillo Cavour, got
  Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war
  w/Austria
• Cavour provoked the war
• France help Sardinia defeat Austria annex
  province of Lombardy
• Other provinces soon joined Sardinia w/help
  Giuseppe Garibaldi, nationalist Kingdom of the
  Two Sicilies
• Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy

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Reforms and Empire

• As Italy industrialized, particularly in north,
  government passed reforms including laws limiting
  work hours, prohibiting child labor
• Government encouraged building transportation,
  water systems to improve cities, encourage
  industry

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Challenges After Unification
In the years after unification, Italy faced many
new challenges. Although politically unified,
Italy had to deal with a number of social and
economic problems.
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Summarize What problems did Italy face after
unification?
Answer(s) Regional differences kept the nation
from being truly united pope did not recognize
Italy as a legitimate nation widespread poverty
caused many Italians to emigrate.
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Challenges Facing the New Nation

• Industrial north agricultural south difficult
  bring together
• Catholic Church asked members stand against govt.
  that did away w/ Papal States
• Leftist radicals fought govt. --- too conservative

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Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
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Hapsburg Empire Declines

• Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist
  activity in their lands
• People too diverse to coexist under one govt.
• Hungarians especially determined to become
  independent

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Formation of Dual Monarchy

• Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out
  compromise w/ Austria
• Gave Hungary status as separate state w/own
  constitution
• Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and
  Hungary
• This made other subject peoples more determined
  to have their own states

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Ottoman Empire Collapses

• 1800s various peoples ruled by Ottomans revolt
• Other Euro countries seized opportunity- try to
  take Ottoman lands
• One of the most contentious Balkans
• event would help start WW I

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Russia Reform Reaction
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Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

• After losing Crimean War, Alexander II forced
  free serfs
• moved to cities, work in industry
• Tsar some forms local govt intro legal reforms
• Tsar moved back to repressionass. by terrorists
• His son- more harshness to the throne
• increasing the pwr secret police suppressing
  non-Russian cultures
• Many persecuted, esp. Jews

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Drive to Industrialize

• Rev ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from
  discontent workers as industrialization took hold
• Peasants moved to cities found dangerous jobs,
  low pay, and slums

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Conditions in Russia

• Lgst nation in Europe
• Social structure much pwr landowning nobles, did
  nothing to improve industry
• Most were serfs, served landowners
• Landowners actions governed by Tsar, ruled
  w/absolute pwr

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Source Prentice Hall Presentation Express
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Turning Point Crisis and Revolution

• Military disasters with Japan drove workers to
  strike protesters fill streets
• Tsars troops fired on protestors, revolution of
  1905 gained pwr
• Tsar Nicholas II summon a Duma to approve all
  laws
• Dissolved the Duma, leaders criticized his rule,
  appointed conservative Peter Stolypin as prime
  minister
• He was assassinated in 1911

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