The American continents

1
The War of 1812 the Upsurge of
Nationalism1812-1824

• The American continents are henceforth not to be
  considered as subjects for future colonization by
  any European powers. President James Monroe,
  1823

2
AP Focus

• War vs. Britain for 2nd time in 30 years put
  serious strains on American economy, political
  system, and military. Treaty of Ghent didnt
  really resolve anything other than agreeing to
  end the war.
• New England Federalists are strong opponents of
  the war, and actually consider seceding from the
  Union.
• After the war, a feeling of increased patriotism
  and nationalism sweeps nation. Era of Good
  Feelings.

3
AP Focus

• Henry Clay advocates the American System
• As US continues to expand westward, the question
  of what to do about slavery takes on an
  increasingly larger role. Sectionalism arises.
• 1823 Monroe Doctrine warning to Europe that US
  will not tolerate further European interference
  in western hemisphere

4
The War of 1812

• Heightened sense of nationalism ushered in the
  first meeting of Congress in 1811.
• New, young Democratic-Republican senators from
  the South and West urged war with Britain to
  secure a place in the global political structure
  for U.S.

5

• War hawks such as Henry Clay from KY and John
  C. Calhoun from SC insisted that this war would
  finally clear Britains influence from North
  America
• Aside from dealing with the British at sea,
  Americans hoping to eliminate threat of
  English-armed Native Americans

6
APUSH rule 34 When in doubt, pick Henry Clay
He will haunt you until mid-December!
7
Mr. Madisons War

• Clashes with Indians in present-day Indiana
  caused many on the frontier to feel justified in
  the call for war.
• The British refuse to lift trade restrictions
• immense political pressure pushed President
  Madison to ask Congress for declaration of war in
  June 1812.
• Mr. Madisons War
• New Englanders Federalists had greatest
  opposition
• War hawks successful in amassing large enough
  coalition to officially declare war (Southern and
  Northern Democratic Republicans, Westerners on
  frontier)

8
Tecumseh and the Prophet
9
Tecumseh the Prophet

• Shawnee Indian who grew up in the violent Ohio
  Country
• With his brother the Prophet (he once predicted
  an eclipse) he led a confederacy of Indians in
  the Ohio/Great Lakes region
• Supplied by the British, attacked Americans
• 1811 The Prophet defeated by William Henry
  Harrisons army at the battle of Tippecanoe
  (Tecumseh was away, recruiting in the South)
• Tippecanoe and Tyler too

10
On to Canada over Land and Lakes

• Canada was an important battleground, British
  forces weak there
• Why attack Canada? End British influence over
  Native Americans in Great Lakes region
• US should have focused all efforts on Montreal,
  but instead split up forces into three Detroit,
  Niagara, Lake Champlain

11
Bad military strategy in Canada (again)

• Rather than strike with full force directly at
  Montreal, the source of British power in Canada,
  American forces pursued a poorly conceived
  divided invasion strategy.

Have we learned nothing from the French and
Indian War? Always attack the capital!!
12
U.S. Looks for success on the Lakes

• American Navy led by Oliver Hazard Perry
• One of the best middle names ever
• Captured British fleet on Lake Erie
• We have met the enemy and they are ours
• Dont give up the ship!

13
Perrys victories / Battle of the Thames

• With the British fleet captured, Perry led an
  invasion of Canada from Detroit
• Met a British-Indian alliance and defeated them
  at the Battle of the Thames, 1813
• British ran away early from this battle, Tecumseh
  and his warriors left in the dust, and were
  routed
• Tecumseh died in this battle and so did his
  confederacy

14
September 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh

• Next British attack was to come from Montreal
  South, in hopes of invading New York
• If British succeeded, this could have split the
  Union, as most people from NY to MA did not want
  any part of the war
• Luckily for the US, the British fleet was
  commanded by the amazingly inept Admiral Prevost.
• A smaller US naval fleet was able to outmaneuver
  the British at Plattsburgh, destroy their fleet,
  and send them back to Canada.

15
Washington Burned

• While Americans were able to repel British attack
  on New York, could not save Washington D.C. from
  being burned to ground in August, 1814
• Capitol Building and White House burned down

16
Star Spangled Banner

• British amassed at Fort McHenry near Baltimore
• U.S. soldiers held the fort through night of
  bombing, inspiring prisoner of nearby British
  ship to write poem about it.
• Francis Scott Key put words to an old drinking
  song to express his love for his country and
  called it The Star Spangled Banner
• http//youtu.be/gQAnaZzNXDM

17
January 1815 New Orleans Defended

• General Andrew Jackson led southern troops. Able
  to cut through British from Alabama to New
  Orleans and thwart English attempt to control
  Mississippi River at Battle of New Orleans
• This battle, while an impressive victory for
  U.S., was completely unnecessary since it was
  fought 2 weeks after signing of peace treaty that
  ended war.
• Jackson emerged as American war hero
• Casualties 2,000 to 70
• Helped him become President later

18
Treaty of Ghent

• Ended War of 1812
• Anglo-American peace urged by Russian czar, who
  wanted the British to focus on Napoleon in Europe
• Signed by US and British in Belgium on Christmas
  Eve, 1814
• end of the fighting
• The return of any conquered territories to their
  rightful owners
• Settlement of boundary between Canada and U.S.
  that had been set before the war
• Essentially, war ended in a draw
• Neither side gained any concessions, restitutions
  or apologies

19
Reactions Treaty of Ghent

• Most Americans pleased because they had fully
  expected to lose territory
• Despite their complaints, the war did allow for
  manufacturing, especially in New England, to
  flourish.
• Country became a bit more independent from
  European markets
• Turned out to be the beginning of Americas
  industrial revolution.

20
Federalist Grievances

• Serious ideological split divided nation during
  War of 1812 between Federalists (New England,
  high population density) and Democratic-Republican
  s (everybody else)
• NE vehemently opposed to war effort and direction
  Democratic Republicans were taking the nation
• Small minority at Hartford Convention (Conn.,
  1814) proposed seceding from Union
• one of those conventions that didnt amount to
  much but is always asked about on the AP test.

21
1814 Hartford Convention

• Demands of Hartford Convention
• Abolish the 3/5 compromise (to reduce southern
  representation)
• Limit president to a single term
• Prohibit election of successive presidents from
  same state (3 of 4 presidents had been from
  Virginia Dynasty)
• Hartford envoys arrived to DC with their demands
  just as news of New Orleans victory reached town
  then news of Treaty of Ghent
• Bad timing! Complaints seemed petty
• Biggest effect was the death-knell of the
  Federalist party, which would be wiped out by
  election of 1816

22
Recap of New Englands role in USA

• Colonies founded on (religious) freedom from
  Britain
• Birthplace of military activities in American
  Revolution Boston Massacre, Tea Party,
  Lexington Concord
• Home of John Adams, Sam Adams
• Elite, Federalist, wealthy merchants
• Pro Constitution trade with Britain, anti
  French Rev.
• anti Jefferson, anti Madison, anti embargo
• Some merchants actually helped British during War
  of 1812
• Now, talk of secession. Federalism not too
  popular right now.

23
Second War for Independence

• Even though the US gained nothing in terms of
  land, or any promises from the British to stop
  impressment, etc., it was a coming of age
  moment for US in terms of international diplomacy
• US announced it can stand toe to toe with the
  mightiest empire in the world, and has to be
  taken seriously
• Economically, forced US to become self-reliant,
  increased manufacturing

24
Nascent Nationalism

• Nationalistic spirit was the biggest product of
  War of 1812
• New contributions in art, literature
• (Washington Irving
• James Fenimore Cooper)
• 1816 Congress revives national Bank of United
  States
• Shut down during War of 1812, but again needed as
  debt mounted during war

25
Nascent Nationalism

• Tariff of 1816 passed by Congress to combat
  influx of cheap British goods
• British were having a clearance sale to get rid
  of goods that they werent able to ship to
  America for the past few years at much cheaper
  prices than Americans could offer
• Tariff of 1816 added a 25 tax to certain British
  imports, encouraged Americans to buy
  made-in-America products
• Start of a protectionist trend. From now until
  Depression, tariff going to be a big deal

26
Henry Clay The American System

• Grand scheme to make a profitable home market
• Three part system
• 1. Strong banking system to provide abundant
  credit
• 2. Protective Tariff to help eastern
  manufacturing
• 3. Revenues from tariff would fund roads and
  canals in West.
• To improve transport of raw materials and
  manufactured goods throughout country.
• Remember, roads at this time were horrible
  especially in the West, which gave this idea the
  most support.

27
Madison vetoes American System

• 1817 Congress votes for 1.5 million in road
  improvements, but vetoed by President Madison
  he many Democratic-Republicans thought it was
  unconstitutional
• Many New Englanders also opposed this. (they had
  all the roads they needed)
• States forced to fund their own improvements,
  e.g. 1825 Erie Canal

28
Henry Clay

• This painting hangs in the corridors of the House
  of Representatives, where Clay worked as a
  glamorous, eloquent, and ambitious congressman
  for many years. Best known for promoting his
  nationalistic American System of protective
  tariffs for eastern manufactures and federally
  financed canals and highways to benefit the West,
  Clay is surrounded here by symbols of flourishing
  agriculture and burgeoning industries in the new
  nation.

29
The Era of Good Feelings

• With renewed sense of independence and national
  pride, Americans elected James Monroe as
  president in 1816.
• Monroe, a Democratic-Republican, destroyed the
  Federalist candidate with 183 to 34 electoral
  votes
• Dying gasp of Federalist party ushered in an
  era of one-party rule
• His presidency called the Era of Good Feeling
  by a New England newspaper

30
The Era of Good Feelings?

• Somewhat of a misnomer
• National pride but also tensions
• Tariffs
• Slavery
• Sectionalism
• On the other hand, Monroe won reelection with
  every electoral vote but one (G. Washington)

31
Panic of 1819 Economic problems

• Usually countries experience inflation during
  wartime and then period of recession after war
• Hit hard by drop in demand for agricultural goods
  abroad and widening trade deficit with Britain
• Bank of US forced to demand payment from state
  banks in hard coin.
• Frontier banks had very limited amounts of coin
  due to high number of agricultural customers who
  had amassed large amounts of debt in loans.
• These western or wildcat banks could not pay back
  the BUS in hard coin, and the amt. of currency in
  circulation became very low

32
Panic of 1819

• Panic of 1819 threatened Era of Good Feeling that
  Monroe had enjoyed his first presidential term
• deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
  failures, unemployment, soup kitchens,
  overcrowded debtors prisons
• Main cause was overspeculation in frontier lands
• Bank of US foreclosed mortgages on many western
  farms
• Poor western families hit hardest would later
  become supporters of Jacksonian democracy
• Jackson would shut down the bank in 1833

33
Growing Pains of the West

• As country moves west, territories apply for
  statehood
• Conflict US had had a balance in Senate between
  slave states and free states. Any new state would
  upset the balance with 2 new Senators
• Why all of the new people?
• Soil butchering of tobacco drove farms
  westward.
• New land open with victories over Indians
• Land Act of 1820 cheap land for settlers

34
Slavery and the Sectional Balance

• Sectionalism tensions between sections of
  country
• Slave south, free North, new West all have
  their own interests
• 1819 Missouri applies for admission to statehood
• House of Reps passes Tallmadge Amendment saying
  that if Missouri becomes a state, slavery cannot
  continue there
• Population of North is becoming larger and larger
• Tallmadge Amendment defeated in Senate
• While North had advantage in House of
  Representatives, NS (free slave) were equal in
  Senate, 22 Senators for each type

35
1820 Missouri Compromise

• If Missouri were made a free state, would that
  mean all new states would be free?
• Would Congress try to outlaw slavery in the old
  South?
• The South had to keep the Senate balanced to keep
  slavery
• New states in southern half of the frontier
  justified slavery by expressing economic need for
  large, stable workforce
• Those settling North had no economic need for the
  enslaved
• Henry Clay played leading role in the Missouri
  Compromise

36
1820 Missouri Compromise

• Admit Missouri as a slave state
• Cut off Maine from Massachusetts (New Hampshire
  was already in the way) and make it its own state
• 2 new states, one free, one slave
• BUT future states (north of 36 30) in
  Louisiana Territory would all be free states

37
(No Transcript)
38
Effects of Missouri Compromise

• North and South would play nice for another 34
  years
• Eventually, outrage over the peculiar
  institution would reach a boiling point and
  lead to Civil War
• Missouri Compromise put a bandaid on the problem
• Allowed US to become stronger before it fought
  itself in Civil War and likely allowed it to
  survive a civil war

39
Thomas Jefferson on this issue

• The Missouri question is the most portentous one
  which ever yet threatened our Union. In the
  gloomiest moment of the revolutionary war I never
  had any apprehensions equal to what I feel from
  this source this momentous question, like a fire
  bell in the night, awakened and filled me with
  terror. With slavery we have the wolf by the
  ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let
  him go. Thomas Jefferson, 1820

40
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
41
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• Chief Justice of Supreme Court during career he
  significantly increased the power of the federal
  government (he was a Federalist)
• 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland denied Maryland the
  right to tax the Bank of the United States
• Loose construction Constitution derives from
  the people and thus permits the govt to act for
  their benefit
• All means that are appropriate and not prohibited
  by, but consist with, the letter and spirit of
  the Constitution are constitutional paraphrase

42
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• 1821 Cohens v. Virginia Supreme Court asserts
  its right to review the decisions of state courts
  in all questions that involve federal government
• 1824 Gibbons v. Ogden denied New York the
  right to give a monopoly to a steamboat company
  that did business in NY NJ. Interstate commerce
  is for federal government only.
• Somewhere, in the distance, applause is heard
  coming from the grave of Alexander Hamilton

43
Sharing Oregon

• Treaty of 1818 US and Britain agree on Northern
  border (Canada), as well as a 10-year joint
  occupation of Oregon
• In other words, we both claim the land, but as
  none of us actually live there, lets agree not
  to fight about it for at least 10 years

44
Acquisition of Florida

• Revolutions in South America Argentina 1816,
  Venezuela 1817, Chile 1818.
• Americans naturally supportive of independence
  against monarchies
• Spain has its hands full, and is vulnerable

45
Acquisition of Florida

• 1818 On pretext of fighting the Seminole Indians
  and hunting runaway slaves, Andrew Jackson leads
  army through Florida and just happens to also
  capture two Spanish forts
• Seminoles split off from Creek Indians, who had
  been allied with Britain in War of 1812, and had
  fought Jackson in South.

46
Acquisition of Florida (continued)

• Jacksons actions in Florida seriously
  overstepped his bounds
• Cabinet member John Quincy Adams (son of John)
  decided to take these actions and use it to the
  US advantage
• As Spain was so tied up with revolutions in South
  America, why not demand Florida from them? They
  certainly cant defend it
• 1819 Florida Purchase / Adams-Onís Treaty US
  gains all of Florida, Spain cedes claims to
  Oregon. U.S. abandons claims to Texas, which
  becomes part of Mexican province (2 years before
  Mexicans win independence from Spain)

47
Meanwhile, around the Globe

• European monarchies restore control in Europe.
  Rebellions put down in Italy and Spain
• Russians claim Alaska and expand into California
• Rumors of Euro monarchs sending forces to put
  down Latin American rebellions and restoring
  control to King of Spain
• Britain controlled seas, benefitted from Latin
  American trade, supported revolutions
• British proposal to US to join forces to prevent
  Europe from invading new Latin American republics

48
Dont do it!!!!
49
Background of Monroe Doctrine

• John Quincy Adams saw through British proposal
• British only worried US would take Cuba and be a
  threat to British West Indies this alliance
  would prevent that
• If America did nothing, Britains powerful Navy
  would still prevent continental Europeans from
  invading Latin America
• So why agree to anything that would tie the hands
  of US?

50
Monroe Doctrine

• Delivered by president in 1823. Became basis of
  U.S. foreign policy
• Never an actual law
• Called for European noncolonization (directed at
  Russia) and nonintervention in Latin American
• Era of colonization is over, if you disagree,
  just try us
• While U.S. did not have military means to enforce
  the doctrine in its early years, they knew that
  no European Navy could beat British

51
Monroes Doctrine Appraised

• Latin American reaction Most did not even know
  it happened. Those who did knew British were real
  enforcers of the seas
• Most famous of all post-1812 nationalism
• Supported patriotism and isolationism
• Increased Americas reputation on global stage

52
Crash Course

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vqMXqg2PKJZU