Chapter 6 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Chapter 6THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Section 1 The Age of Invention
• Section 2 The Rise of Big Business
• Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

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Oil refining
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel
  and light
• allowed the manufacturing of other petroleum
  products
• helped machinery operate
• 1st successful well was in Titusville, PA

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Steel refining
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• provided a strong, cheap source of building
  material
• Bessemer process -
• allowed expansion of the railroad industry
• allowed construction of more complex machines and
  taller buildings
• Gary Indiana, Cleveland Ohio, Pittsburg
  Pennsylvania Steel Cities

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Transportation innovations
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• Railroads promoted western settlement, urban
  growth, and economic prosperity.
• Pre Civil War average length was only 100 miles
• Trunk lines
• Standard Gauge
• Compressed air brakes
• Railroads allowed for inexpensive shipping
• Automobiles became a substantial industry.
• Thanks to the development of oil refining
• Airplanes introduced new possibilities.
• Many thought that there was no practical
  application -

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Communications innovations
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• The telegraph allowed businesses to place
  long-distance orders quickly. - Morse
• The telephone brought both businesses and
  individuals together. - Bell
• The typewriter allowed the quick production of
  legible documents. - Sholes

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Thomas Edisons research laboratory
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• the light bulb
• the phonograph
• early motion-picture camera
• Over 1,000 patents
• Patents guaranteed inventors protection and
  profit -

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Concerning governments role in business
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• Business leaders
• Individuals should be self-reliant.
• Businesses prosper most without government
  interference.
• Government interference reduces self-reliance.
• Social critics
• Factory life and poor working conditions harm
  workers.
• All citizens should own all means of production.
• Government assistance would prevent the best
  businesses from rising to the top.

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New business strategies
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• incorporation
• vertical integration
• horizontal integration
• technological innovation
• trusts

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Entrepreneurs take advantage
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• Carnegie created corporations and used vertical
  integration to dominate the steel industry.
  (richest man in the world when he retired)
• Philanthropy ladders upon which the aspiring
  can rise -
• Rockefeller created corporations and used
  horizontal integration to dominate the oil
  industry.
• Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad
  lines.
• Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and
  controlled new railroad technologies.
• Pullman also built a planned community next to
  his factory -

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New marketing methods
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• use of brand names and special packaging
• advertising
• department stores buy in bulk and sell at low
  price
• catalogs
• chain stores - Woolworths

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The banning of trusts
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• desired because of belief that without
  competition, large monopolies would have no
  reason to maintain quality or keep prices low -
• not accomplished despite passage of the Sherman
  Antitrust Act

Cmon.it just never gets old!
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Working conditions
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• low pay
• long hours
• unsafe environments
• possibility of racial discrimination
• number of women in the work force between 1870
  and 1890 doubled
• child labor -

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The Knights of Labor
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• included both skilled and unskilled workers
• included women and, later, African Americans but
  EXCLUDED Chinese workers
• organized strikes, marches, and demonstrations
• educated and organized workers
• promoted intense strikes violence in order to
  speed change

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Strikes in the late 1800s
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog
  contracts, lockouts, and violence.
• Violence of the Great Upheaval led to many to
  quit the KoL and join the AFL
• Business tactics hurt many unions and caused
  skilled workers to break away from unskilled
  ones.