The Second Industrial Revolution

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The Second Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 5

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Section 1 The Age of Invention

• Industrialization
• During the second half of the 1800s, the U.S.
  changed from a nation of farming to a modern,
  industrial nation.
• The nations natural resources played a key role
  in that transformation.
• iron ore, coal, lead, and copper

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Industrial Innovations

• Bessemer Process produce steel faster (Henry
  Bessemer and William Kelly)
• Drakes Folly pump oil at a faster rate (Edwin
  Drake)

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Refining Processes in the United States

• Steel Effects on Industry
• Provided a strong, inexpensive source of building
  material
• Allowed the expansion of the railroad industry
• Allowed the construction of sophisticated
  machinery, bridges, tall buildings and so on

• Oil Effects on Industry
• Resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel
  or light
• Allowed the manufacturing of other important
  industrial petroleum products
• Helped machinery operate

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Transportation

• Railroads
• The single most important factor in the
  nations industrial growth.
• Compressed-Air Brake (George Westinghouse)
  allowed the locomotive and all cars to stop at
  the same time (improved safety)

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Transcontinental Railroad

• First completed railroad that linked the coasts
  together.
• Central Pacific started in California and moved
  East
• Chinese workers
• Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska and
  moved West
• Irish immigrant workers
• They were joined together at Promontory Point,
  Utah

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Map of the Transcontinental Railroad
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Transportation continued

• Horseless Carriage
• Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1770) 3 wheeled
  carriage with a steam engine.
• Nikolaus A. Otto (1876) the internal combustion
  engine powered by gasoline.
• Charles Frank Duryea (1893) 1st practical
  motor car in the U.S.

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continued

• Airplanes
• Orville Wilbur Wright of Dayton, Ohio made the
  first flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on
  December 17, 1903.

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Communications

• Telegraph (1837) Samuel F.B. Morse
• Communication over wires with electricity
• Western Union (1866) leading telegraph company
• Telegraph companies had offices in train stations

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continued

• Telephone (1876) Alexander Graham Bell
• talking telegraph
• More than a million telephones at the end of the
  1800s
• Early telephones required an operator to connect
  calls

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continued

• Typewriter (1876) Christopher Sholes
• Quickly produce legible documents
• Typing pools job opportunities for women

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Edison Menlo Park

• Thomas Edison and his assistants promised a minor
  invention every ten days and a big invention
  every six months or so.
• Telegraph could send up to 4 messages at once
• Electrical vote recorder
• Telegraphic stock ticker
• Advances in electricity
• Light bulb (Latimer)
• Phonograph
• Early motion picture cameras

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The Rise of Big Business

• Section 2

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A New Capitalist Spirit

• Horatio Alger Jr. wrote rags to riches stories.
• The theory of laissez-faire capitalism calls for
  government to keep hands off of business.
• Karl Marx developed the theory of communism that
  proposed that individuals should not own
  property.
• Herbert Spencer proposed the idea of social
  darwinism that suggests that society progresses
  through natural competition in which the fittest
  people rise to positions of wealth

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The Corporation

• Corporation is owned by shareholders who buy
  shares of stock in the business.
• A group of companies that is controlled by a
  single group of business leaders is an example of
  a trust. (political cartoon)
• A trust reduces competition in an industry.
• When a company holds a monopoly, it completely
  dominates its industry and it has complete
  control over the price and quality of products.

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Carnegie and Steel

• Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in the steel
  industry and later gave away millions to
  establish public libraries in communities across
  the country.
• He used vertical integration in his business.
• J.P. Morgan bought his steel mill for almost 500
  million.
• He earned 1.20 a week on his first job and when
  he retired he was the richest man in the world.
• The true rags to riches story.

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Rockefeller and Oil

• John D. Rockefeller was one of the founders of
  Standard Oil Company.
• He expanded his business using horizontal
  integration in which he attempted to control
  other businesses that were refining oil.

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The Railroad Giants

• Cornelius Vanderbilt was a pioneer of the
  railroad industry who eventually controlled more
  than 4,500 miles of railroad track.
• The adoption of a standard gauge for railway
  tracks improved transportation by making it
  unnecessary for passengers and freight to be
  transferred from train to train each time they
  reached a different line.

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Continued

• George Pullman manufactured sleeping cars, dining
  cars, and luxurious cars that made long-distance
  travel by rail comfortable for passengers.
• Because he was disturbed by the poor conditions
  of city life, He built a planned community next
  to his factory.

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Mass Marketing

• Manufacturers used brand names, packaging,
  advertising, and other forms of mass marketing to
  sell their products.
• Department stores succeeded because they bought
  goods in bulk and therefore could sell them at
  low prices.

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Labor Strives to Organize

• Section 3

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Government and Business

• Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890
  to outlaw all monopolies and trusts that
  restrained trade.
• Government usually sided on the side of
  corporations.

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The New Working Class

• The jobs were filled largely by the flood of
  immigrants who came to the U.S.
• Women and children went to work in the factories.
• Between 1870 and 1890, the number of female
  workers doubled.

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Working Conditions

• Working conditions during the late 1800s were
  characterized by long hours and low wages.
• Children often worked 12-hour shifts (often at
  night) for pennies a day.

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The Knights of Labor

• When Uriah Stephens founded the Knights of Labor
  in 1869, it was one of the first national unions.
• Mary Harris Jones was a union organizer and was
  called the most dangerous woman in America.
• Under Terence V. Powderly, the union refused to
  support the rights of Chinese workers.

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The Great Upheaval

• The Great Upheaval is a name for the intense
  strikes and violent labor confrontations of 1886.
• Anarchist are people who oppose all government.
• As a result of the Great Upheaval, many workers
  left the Knights of Labor and joined the American
  Federation of Labor.

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The Haymarket Riot

• The Haymarket Riot was a violent labor
  confrontation in Chicago that began when a bomb
  was exploded among police officers, killing 7 and
  wounding 70.
• Many employers required new employees to sign a
  yellow-dog contract in which they promised not to
  join a union.

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American Federation of Labor

• Alarmed by the violence initiated by the unions
  in the 1880s, skilled workers joined the American
  Federation of Labor, a new union founded by
  Samuel Gompers.

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The Homestead and Pullman Strikes

• The Homestead Strike took place in 1892 at Andrew
  Carnegies Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania.
  (16 deaths)
• The Pullman Strike took place in 1894 at the
  Pullman Sleeping Car Factory in Illinois.
• Eugene V. Debs was head of the American Railway
  Union who supported the Pullman strikers.

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