Chapter 15 THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Chapter 15THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Section 1 The Age of Invention
• Section 2 The Rise of Big Business
• Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

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Objectives
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• How did the development of steel and oil refining
  affect U.S. industry?
• What innovations were made in transportation?
• How did innovations in communications technology
  change business practices and daily life in the
  United States?
• How did Thomas Edisons research laboratory
  change American life?

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Oil refining
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel
  and light
• allowed the manufacturing of other petroleum
  products
• helped machinery operate

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Steel refining
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• provided a strong, cheap source of building
  material
• allowed expansion of the railroad industry
• allowed construction of more complex machines and
  taller buildings

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Transportation innovations
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• Railroads promoted western settlement, urban
  growth, and economic prosperity.
• Automobiles became a substantial industry.
• Airplanes introduced new possibilities.

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Communications innovations
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• The telegraph allowed businesses to place
  long-distance orders quickly.
• The telephone helped both businesses and
  individuals to be in contact.
• The typewriter allowed the quick production of
  legible documents.

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Thomas Edisons research laboratory
Section 1 The Age of Invention

• the light bulb
• the phonograph
• early motion-picture camera

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Objectives
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• What arguments did business leaders and social
  critics make about the role of government in
  business?
• How did business strategies change during the
  Second Industrial Revolution?
• How did entrepreneurs take advantage of changes
  in business organization?
• How did new methods of marketing products change
  American life?

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Concerning governments role in business
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• Business leaders
• Individuals should be self-reliant.
• Businesses prosper most without government
  interference.
• Government interference reduces self-reliance.
• Social critics
• Factory life and poor working conditions harms
  workers.
• All citizens should own all means of production.
• Government assistance would prevent the best
  businesses from rising to the top.

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New business strategies
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• incorporation
• vertical integration
• horizontal integration
• technological innovation

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Entrepreneurs take advantage
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• Carnegie created corporations and used vertical
  integration to dominate the steel industry.
• Rockefeller created corporations and used
  horizontal integration to dominate the oil
  industry.
• Vanderbilt bought and consolidated many railroad
  lines.
• Westinghouse and Pullman introduced and
  controlled new railroad technologies.

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New marketing methods
Section 2 The Rise of Big Business

• use of brand names and special packaging
• advertising
• department stores
• catalogs
• chain stores

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Objectives
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• Why did some Americans want trusts to be banned,
  and how did the government respond?
• What types of working conditions did laborers
  face in the new age of rapid industrialization?
• How did the Knights of Labor attempt to address
  the needs of many workers?
• How did businesses react to strikes in the late
  1800s, and how did this affect unions?

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The banning of trusts
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• desired because of belief that without
  competition, large monopolies would have do
  reason to maintain quality or keep prices low
• not accomplished despite passage of the Sherman
  Antitrust Act

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Working conditions
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• low pay
• long hours
• unsafe environments
• possibility of racial discrimination

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The Knights of Labor
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• included both skilled and unskilled workers
• included women and, later, African Americans
• organized strikes, marches, and demonstrations
• educated and organized workers

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Strikes in the late 1800s
Section 3 Labor Strives to Organize

• Businesses responded with blacklists, yellow-dog
  contracts, lockouts, and violence.
• Business tactics hurt many unions and caused
  skilled workers to break away from unskilled ones.