Title: Chapter 19, Section 2 Reaction and Revolution
1Chapter 19, Section 2Reaction and Revolution
- BIG Idea
- Self-Determination
- In 1848, liberals and nationals rebelled against
many of the conservative governments of Europe. - Focus Question
- Why might growing nationalism have posed a threat
to rulers of large territories?
2The Conference of Vienna
- After the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain,
Austria, Prussia, and Russia met at the Congress
of Vienna to restore the former monarchs to
ensure peace and balance in Europe. - The European powers divided the land to ensure
political and military stability. - The European powers believed in a political
philosophy known as conservatism, which is based
on tradition, the value of social stability, and
organized religion.
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4The Conference of Vienna
- The European powers, except for Britain, adopted
the principle of intervention, which allowed the
great powers to send armies into nations where
there were revolutions. - The great powers used military forces to put an
end to revolutions in Spain and Italy and
restored monarchies to these nations.
5Forces of Change
- While conservative governments were in charge,
powerful forces such as liberalism were
spreading. - Liberals wanted to be as free as possible from
government restraints and to protect civil
liberties, such as freedom of the press and
speech, religious tolerance, and government rule
by constitution. - Many liberals wanted a written document like the
American Bill of Rights.
6Forces of Change
- Another force of change in nineteenth-century
Europe was nationalism. Nationalism arose when
people began to identify themselves based on
language, region, culture, and customs. - Nationalism was a threat to conservatism because
giving independence to nationalistic groups would
upset the balance of power established at the
Congress of Vienna. - Beginning in 1830, liberalism and nationalism led
to revolution in Europe. France and Belgium
overthrew the current regimes, while Poland and
Italy were unsuccessful in their rebellions.
7The Revolutions of 1848
- FRANCE
- Economic troubles in France led to a new
rebellion in 1846. The monarchy was overthrown,
and the new government established the policy of
universal male suffrage. - In 1848, a new constitution was ratified, making
the Second Republic the new government of France.
8The Revolutions of 1848
- FRANCE
- The first elected
- president was
- Charles
- Louis-Napoleon
- Bonaparte.
9The Revolutions of 1848
- GERMAN STATES
- The 38 independent states of the German
Confederacy attempted to unify in 1848. However,
the Frankfurt Assembly, an all German parliament,
failed to gain the support of Frederick William
VI of Prussia, leader of one of the largest
independent German states. - CENTRAL EUROPE
- Austria was a multinational state including
Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks,
Slovenes, Romanians, Croats, Italians, Serbians,
and Ukrainians. - Hungarian and Czechs demanded their own
governments, but were crushed by Austrian and
Russian forces in Vienna and Prague.
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11The Revolutions of 1848
- Revolts in northern
- Italian states of
- Lombardy and Venetia
- were also put down by
- Austrian authorities
- in 1849.
12ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTIONWhy might growing
nationalism have posed a threat to rulers of
large territories?
13Chapter 19, Section 3National Unification and
Nationalism
- BIG Idea
- Self-Determination
- In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians
created their own nations. However, not all
national groups were able to reach that goal. - Focus Question
- Why might groups want self rule?
14Toward National Unification
- Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the
Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. - The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and
declared war on Russia. - Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger
Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy
casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the
Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under
international control.
15Toward National Unification
- The effect of the Crimean War was that the
Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not
support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia
and Austria became enemies. - Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent
Germany and Italy from unifying. - In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of
Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy.
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17Toward National Unification
- Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return
for territory, France would support the
unification of northern Italy. - In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took
control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern
mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over
control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of
Piedmont. - Italy was finally unified after the
Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
18Toward National Unification
- Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German
unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state
known for its militarism. - In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von
Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of
parliament. He strengthened the army, collected
taxes, and expanded into Denmark.
19Toward National Unification
- Bismark is often considered the foremost 19th C.
practitioner of realpolitik. - The politics of reality, politics based on
practical matters rather than on theory or
ethics. - In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized
the North German Confederation. The Catholic
provinces in the south signed a military alliance
with Prussia. - In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia
was victorious and was given the territories of
Alsace and Lorraine.
20Toward National Unification
- The southern German states agreed to enter into
union with Prussia. The Second German Empire,
with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was
established. - England
- Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions
of Europe by making social and political reforms
to stabilize the country. - Parliament expanded voting privileges to the
middle class, so the middle class now had an
interest in ruling.
Nationalism and Reform in Europe
21Nationalism and Reform in Europe
- The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of
workers to rise significantly, so the working
class was now able to share in the prosperity. - Queen Victoria, who ruled
- from 1837 to 1901, reflected
- the nationalistic pride of
- British citizens.
22Nationalism in the United States
- In the United States, the Federalists and
Republicans struggled over political control of
the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended
these divisions and gave Americans a surge in
nationalistic pride. - In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery
became the biggest threat to American political
and social systems. - Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern
way of life.
23Nationalism in the United States
- With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860,
South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern
states joined them and formed the Confederate
States of America. - The American Civil War lasted for four years. The
Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865 creating
one nation again. - The Emancipation Proclamation declared most of
the nations enslaved people forever free.
24ANSWER THE FOCUS QUESTIONWhy might groups want
self rule?
25HONORS
- In addition to your 19.4 homework, if I were you
I would also answer Question 3 on page 629!