The Cold War 1945-1960 Chapter 25

1
The Cold War 1945-1960Chapter 25

• What were the causes, main events, and effects of
  the early Cold War?

2
The Cold War BeginsSection 1

• How did U.S. leaders respond to the threat of
  Soviet expansion in Europe?
• Vocabulary
• -satellite state containment
• -Cold War Marshall Plan
• -iron curtain Berlin airlift
• -Truman Doctrine NATO
• -George F. Kennan Warsaw Pact

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Standards

• SSUSH20
• The student will analyze the domestic and
  international impact of the Cold War on the
  United States.
• Element SSUSH20.a
• Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S.
  commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and
  the origins and implications of the containment
  policy.
• Element SSUSH20.b
• Explain the impact of the new communist regime in
  China, the outbreak of the Korean War, and how
  these events contributed to the rise of Senator
  Joseph McCarthy.
• Element SSUSH20.c
• Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs
  and the Cuban missile crisis.
• Element SSUSH20.d
• Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and
  growing opposition to the war.

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The Cold War Begins
Roots of the Cold War   Main Idea By the end of
World War II, the relationship between the United
States and the Soviet Union had fallen apart due
to the fear that the Soviet Union was attempting
world domination. Meeting the Soviet
Challenge Main Idea At President Trumans
urging, Congress aided Greece, Turkey, and other
countries struggling against communist movements.
Containing Soviet Expansion Main Idea George
F. Kennan presented a policy called containment,
with the goal of keeping communism within its
current borders. The Cold War Heats Up Main
Idea When the Soviets blockaded
Allied-controlled West Berlin, The United Sates
and Britain used a massive airlift to fly
supplies into the city, showing how far they
would go to fight communism.
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American and Soviet Systems

• American System
• Capitalist democracy
• Free elections
• Economic and religious freedom
• Private property
• Respect for individual rights

• Soviet System
• Dictatorship
• Communist Party made all economic, political and
  military decisions
• No religious worship
• No private property
• No freedom of speech

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Cold War

• Name given to the competition between the U.S.
  and the Soviet Union
• Political and economic conflict and military
  tensions
• Lasted nearly 50 years, until the collapse of the
  Soviet Union in 1991

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Reading Skill Contrast
NOTE TAKING
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President Truman

• April 12, 1945, Roosevelt dies
• In the Congress for 10 years
• Vice President for 83 days
• Took a harder line toward Stalin than Roosevelt
  had

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Yalta Conference

• February, 1945
• Divided Germany into four zones
• Poland Stalin agreed to let Poles choose own
  government
• Creation of United Nations

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Potsdam Conference

• July, 1945
• U.S.S.R. wanted 10 billion from Germany in
  reparations
• Allies said No!
• U.S. pushed for Polish elections as well as
  Eastern Europe
• Truman received word that the atom bomb had been
  tested

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Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
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Iron Curtain

• Stalin predicted the triumph of communism over
  capitalism
• Cominform Soviet agency to direct Communist
  parties in the world
• Winston Churchill an iron curtain has
  descended across the Continent.

13
Satellite Nations

• Soviets lost 20 million people during WWII
• Soviets wanted to protect its interests, so
  Stalin established satellite nations (countries
  subject to Soviet domination)
• Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
  Hungary, Romania, and East Germany became
  satellite nations by 1948
• Yugoslavia maintained a degree of independence
  from the U.S.S.R.
• Tito (Josip Broz) was the communist dictator of
  Yugoslavia refused to take orders from Stalin

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Containment

• Idea from George Kennan, an American diplomat
  stationed in Moscow West needed intelligent
  long-range policies
• Policy recognized the possibility that Eastern
  Europe was lost to communism
• U.S. to resist formation of Communist governments
  elsewhere in the world

15
Truman Doctrine

• Great Britain gave world leadership to U.S.
• 1947 declaration that the U.S. would support
  nations that were being threatened by communism
• Americans provided aid to Greece and Turkey
  Congress provided 400 million, plus military
  bases

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Marshall Plan

• Marshall Plan called for the nations of Europe
  to draw up a program for economic recovery from
  the war. The U.S. would support them with
  financial aid of 13 billion
• Hoped to create strong democracies and open new
  markets for American goods

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Transparency The Cost of Containment
The Cost of Containment
TRANSPARENCY
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Shipments Financed by the Marshall Plan
CHART
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Berlin Airlift

• West Berlin capitalist and democratic
• East Berlin communist
• Many fled to West Berlin
• Stalin blockaded the city
• Supplies brought in by plane
• Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949

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Berlin Airlift
INFOGRAPHIC
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NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• association of democratic peace-loving states
  to defend Western Europe
• Collective security mutual military assistance
  an armed attack against one or more of
  themshall be considered an attack against them
  all.

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Warsaw Pact

• 1955, Soviet Union formed a military alliance
  with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe
  except for Yugoslavia

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What Will Happen to Postwar Europe?
COMPARING VIEWPOINTS
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The Korean WarSection 2

• How did President Truman use the power of the
  presidency to limit the spread of communism in
  East Asia?
• Vocabulary
• -Jiang Jieshi Douglas MacArthur
• -Mao Zedong limited war
• -38th parallel SEATO

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The Korean War
Communists Gain Control of China Main Idea
Americans were shocked when communists won the
Civil War in China and greatly expanded communist
control in the world. Americans Fight in
Korea Main Idea After communist-controlled
North Korea invaded South Korea, the United
States sent military aid to South Korea, which
ultimately resulted in a stalemate. The Korean
War Has Lasting Effects Main Idea President
Eisenhowers threat of nuclear weapons convinced
the communists to sign a cease-fire, but there
was no clear victory in the war.
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Civil War in China

• Jiang Jieshi leader of Nationalist government
• Corruption diverted American aid
• Generals would not fight

• Mao Zedong Communist rebel
• Promised to feed the people
• Defeated Jiang in 1948, with Jiang fleeing to
  Taiwan
• Established the Peoples Republic of China

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Reading Skill Categorize
NOTE TAKING
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Political Cartoons The Korean War
TRANSPARENCY
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Americans Fight in Korea

• Korea after WWII, Korea divided into two zones
  North and South Yalu River divided China and
  North Korea
• South Korea was democratic (pro-American)
• North Korea- communistic government
• June, 1950, North Koreans invaded South Korea by
  crossing over the 38th parallel
• USSR boycotted the Security Council
• UN called on members to defend South Korea

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Douglas MacArthur

• Fought in WWI and WWII
• Commander of Americans in Asia in WWII
• Controlled Japan after war, establishing a
  democracy

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War

• North Koreans swept through S. Korea with only
  area near Pusan unconquered
• Defended Pusan MacArthur invaded Inchon to cut
  North Koreas supply lines
• N. Koreans retreated back across the 38th
  parallel
• UN troops neared Chinese border
• Home by Christmas offensive

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Chinese Attack

• Chinese pour over the border in November, 1950
• Push UN forces back into S. Korea
• Stalemate
• Disagreed with Truman on limited war
• Letter to Joseph Martin
• Fired by Truman in 1951
• War dragged on until 1953
• 53,000 American dead

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Should the United States Invade China?
DECISION POINT
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Dwight Eisenhower

• Elected 1952 promising to end the Korean War
• Careful not to start a war with USSR over Eastern
  Europe
• Continued policy of containment
• Ended the Korean War with a cease-fire in 1953

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Results of the Korean War

• Two Koreas remain divided at about the 38th
  parallel North Korea is communist and South
  Korea is a democracy
• Set a precedent of Presidents committing U.S.
  troops to battle without a declaration of war
• Increased military spending
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

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Domestic Politics and PoliciesPresidents Truman
and Eisenhower pursued different styles to meet
the challenges of the postwar period.
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Quick Study Korean Wars Impact on America
Korean War's Impact on America
QUICK STUDY
41
The Cold War ExpandsSection 3

• What methods did the U.S. use in its global
  struggle against the Soviet Union?
• Vocabulary
• -arms race Nikita Khrushchev
• -John Foster Douglas nationalize
• -Eisenhower Doctrine Suez crisis
• -massive retaliation Eisenhower Doctrine
• -brinkmanship CIA
• -mutually assured NASA
• destruction

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The Cold War Expands
The Arms Race Heightens Tensions   Main Idea
When the United States discovered that the Soviet
Union had set off an atomic bomb, an arms race
between the two nations started as each developed
increasingly powerful nuclear weapons.
Eisenhower Introduces New Policies Main Idea
Eisenhower favored a defense policy of
stockpiling nuclear weapons so that the United
States could threaten enemies with the use of
overwhelming force. The Cold War Goes
Global Main Idea Tensions between the United
States and the Soviet Union led to conflicts in
countries throughout the world.
Continued
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Communist Advances

• Soviets test an atomic bomb
• U.S. develops hydrogen bomb
• China is taken over by Mao Zedong after he
  defeats Jiang Jieshi in a civil war Beijing
  falls to the Communists in 1949

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Hydrogen Bomb

• Truman ordered the production of a hydrogen bomb
• Tested in 1952
• Oppenheimer and Einstein were opposed
• Knew that Soviets would develop it arms race

45
Arms Race

• Struggle to gain weapons superiority over the
  USSR
• Tested the hydrogen bomb at Bikini Island
• Nuclear Arsenals
• Brinkmanship
• ICBMs

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The Arms Race
CHART
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Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Domestic Uses of Cold War Technology
INFOGRAPHIC
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Eisenhowers New Policies

• John Foster Dulles Secretary of State
• Policy of massive retaliation
• Brinkmanship - You have to take some chances for
  peace, just as you take chances in war.
• Policy saved money by focusing on nuclear power,
  not conventional forces

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Stalins Death

• Stalin died March 5, 1953
• Nikita Khrushchev became new leader
• Death of Stalin eased tensions between the U.S.
  and the U.S.S.R.

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Iron Curtain Uprisings

• Poland workers rioted and won greater control
  of government
• Hungary Huge demonstrations crushed by Soviet
  troops many executed

52
Suez Crisis 1956

• Nasser of Egypt seized the British-owned Suez
  Canal.
• British and French attacked Egypt to regain the
  canal.
• Eisenhower got them to withdraw, leaving Egypt
  with the canal

53
Eisenhower Doctrine

• Stated that the U.S. would aid any country in the
  Middle East requesting aid against Aggression
  (Communist-inspired)
• Sent troops to Lebanon to put down a revolt

54
Middle East

• Palestine many Jews fled there
• I948 Jews proclaimed nation of Israel
• War between Israel and Arabs
• U.S. backed Israel USSR backed Arabs

55
Iran

• 1952 pro-communist leader controlled Iran
• 1953 U.S. organized his overthrow by the CIA and
  restored the Shah of Iran
• Created long-term resentment against the U.S.

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Cold War Initiatives
TRANSPARENCY
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Sputnik

• First artificial satellite to orbit Earth
• U.S. first satellite crashed
• Soviets shot down U-2 plane
• Military-industrial complex

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The Cold War Space Race
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First Satellite

• Soviets launched Sputnik October 1957
• Housed a 1-watt radio transmitter
• Powered by three silver-zinc batteries
• Transformed the world

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From Sputnik to the International Space Station

• Sputnik

• The International Space Station

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First Man in Space

• Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1
• April 12, 1961
• First to orbit the Earth
• Parachuted to Earth

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First American in Space

• John Glenn
• Three orbits
• February 20, 1962

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Apollo Program

• Moon program
• Apollo 11 July 20, 1969
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon

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Space Shuttle

• Program began in 1972
• Reusable space craft
• Two have been lost

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Space Station

• Joint program between the United States and
  Russia
• Weight 404,069 pounds
• Dimensions 240 feet by 90 feet

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Future of Space Travel

• Since 1961, more than 400 humans in space
• Working to improve life on Earth
• Future extend life beyond Earth

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Domino Theory

• Belief that if one country fell to the
  Communists, its neighbors would follow
• Vietnam, a French colony French fought Ho Chi
  Minh, Vietnamese communist ruler
• U.S. provided military aid to France
• French lost in 1954
• Vietnam divided into Communist North and
  anti-Communist South
• U.S. provided aid to South

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Latin America

• Rio Pact regional defense alliance with 18 other
  nations
• Organization of American States (OAS) formed to
  increase cooperation

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Cuba

• 1959 Fidel Castro overthrow Batista, a corrupt
  dictator
• He established a Communist government
• Castro seized American property
• Exports to Cuba halted and diplomatic ties ended

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Cold War at HomeSection 4

• How did fear of domestic communism affect
  American society during the Cold War?
• Vocabulary
• -Red Scare Alger Hiss
• -Smith Act Joseph R. McCarthy
• -McCarthyism HUAC
• -Hollywood Ten blacklist
• -Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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The Cold War at Home
Worrying About Communists at Home Main Idea
Americans began to fear that communists in the
United States were working for the Soviet Union,
and Congress started investigations of potential
communists. Spy Cases Worry Americans Main
Idea Spy trials attracted public attention and
drew awareness to the threat of communist agents
working against the United States. Alger Hisss
case and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial were
two controversial cases that received national
interest McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics Main
Idea Senator McCarthy became chairman of an
investigations committee against potential
communists, were he spent years making reckless
accusations that often discredited
people.

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Political Cartoons Red Scare or Red Smear
ANALYZE
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HUAC Second Red Scare

• Smith Act unlawful to overthrow the government
• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Charged Hollywood personalities with being
  members of the Communist party
• Hollywood Ten Cited for contempt of Congress
  and served jail terms ranging from six months to
  a year
• Blacklist list of people whom employers agreed
  not to hire

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Reading Skill Identify Causes and Effects
NOTE TAKING
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McCarran-Walter Act

• Set a quota system for countries this system
  discriminated against immigrants from Asia and
  Southern and Central Europe to keep communists
  out of the U.S.
• Vetoed by Truman, but Congress passed it over the
  Presidents veto

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Spy Cases

• Alger Hiss convicted of lying in a slander case
  against Whittaker Chambers
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg accused of passing
  atomic secrets to the Soviets executed in 1953

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Reading Skill Compare and Contrast
NOTE TAKING
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The Red Scare
TRANSPARENCY
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McCarthy Era

• Republican Senator
• Indicated that State Dept was full of communists
• Accused Sec. of State George Marshall
• Said Army full of commies in 1954
• Hearings were televised and Americans saw him as
  a bully

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