Title: Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949
1Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949
2The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans
- humble origins
- visionary
- skillful administrator
- rose within the Communist Party
- eliminated Leon Trotsky and all rivals
- Ruthlessly Industrialized the Soviet Union
3The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans
- Oct 1928, Stalin devised series of Five-Year
Plans - Centralized state control over economy
- Industrialization achieved extremely rapidly
- No concern for environment
4Collectivism of Agriculture
- Peasants forced to pay for the investments
required by the Five-Year Plans - Provided labor food for new industrial workers
- Small farms became large collectives
- Supplied government with fixed amount of food,
then distributed what was left to their members
5Collectivism of Agriculture
- Collectivism tried to organize peasants into
industrial way of life bring them under
government control - violently suppressed the better-off peasants (the
kulaks) - disrupted agricultural production
- Caused famine-killed 5 million after bad harvests
of 1933-34
6Collectivism of Agriculture
- Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) was intended to
increase output of consumer goods - Fear of Nazi regime caused Stalin to shift
emphasis to heavy industries armaments - Consumer goods became scarce food rationed
7Terror and Opportunities
- Industrialization/collectivization could only be
carried out with threats force - NKVD (secret police) created climate of terror
- SU industrialized faster than any other country
- Stalinism created new opportunities
- for women to join the work force
- for obedient unquestioning people to rise within
the ranks of the Communist Part, the military,
the government, or their professions
One of the goals of collectivization was to
introduce modern farm machinery. This poster
shows delighted farmers operating new tractors
and threshers.
8- In late 1930s, the contrast between the economic
strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression
troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the
impression that Stalins planned economy was a
success
9The DepressionEconomic Crisis
- consumers cut their purchases
- companies laid off workers
- small farms failed
- N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany Austria
- They couldnt pay reparations to France and
Britain - France Britain then couldnt repay their war
loans to the U.S. - In 1930, the U.S. passed the Smoot-Hawley tariff
act - Other countries followed suit
- world trade declined by 62 between 1929 and 1932
10Depression in Industrial Nations
- France and Britain escaped the worst of the
Depression by forcing their colonies to purchase
their products - Japan and Germany suffered much more because they
relied on exports to pay for imports of food and
fuel - In the U.S., Britain, and France, governments
tried to stimulate their economies with Programs
like the New Deal - Germany and Japan devoted their economies to
military build-up - hoped to acquire empires large enough to support
self-sufficient economies
11Depression in Non-industrialized Regions
- The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin
America unevenly. - India and China were not dependent on foreign
trade and thus were little affected. - Countries that depended on exports of raw
materials or on tourism were devastated. - In Latin America, the Depression led to the
establishment of military dictatorships that
tried to solve economic problems by imposing
authoritarian control over their economies. - Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s.
- The increasing value of gold and the relatively
cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and
the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that
benefited European and South African mine owners.
12The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy
- In postwar Italy, thousands of unemployed
veterans violent youths demanded action,
intimidated politicians, served as strong-arm
men for factory property owners - Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became
leader of the Fascist Party - forced government to appoint him prime minister
13The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy
- Mussolini installed Fascists to all government
jobs crushed opposition - excelled at propaganda and glorified war
- foreign policy was cautious
- Italian Fascist movement imitated in most of
Europe, Latin America, China, Japan
14Hitlers Germany
- Germany was hard-hit by
- defeat in WWI
- hyperinflation of 1923
- Depression
- blamed socialists, Jews, foreigners
- became leader of the National Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazis) - led unsuccessful uprising in Munich in 1924
- In 1925, published Mein Kampf
- his racial theories
- his aspirations for Germany
- proposal to eliminate all Jews from Europe
15Hitlers Germany
- Nazis gained support from the unemployed and from
property owners - Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March
1933 and assumed dictatorial power - declared himself Fuhrer of the Third Reich in
August 1934 - Hitlers economic and social policies were
effective - led to an economic boom, low unemployment, and
rising standards of living - Public Works Contracts
- Military Build-up
- Women encouraged to give up their jobs to men
16The Road to War, 1933-1939
- Hitlers goal was territorial conquest
- Built up military
- Tested the reactions of other powers by
- withdrew from the League of Nations
- introduced conscription
- established an air force
- Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and Hitler sent
ground troops into the Rhineland in 1936
17The Road to War, 1933-1939
- No serious objections from France, Britain, or
U.S. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and demanded
German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia
18Why was the response to Hitler so weak?
- Appeasement
- Fear of war
- Feared communism more than Germany
- Believed Hitler could be trusted
Munich Agreement Neville Chamberlain, Joachim
von Ribbentrop, Edouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler,
Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
19After Munich?
- Hitler could not be stopped short of war
- March,1939, invaded Czechoslovakia
- Inspired France and Britain to ask for Soviet
help - Hitler Stalin were already negotiating the
Nazi-Soviet Pact - Divided Poland between them
20Nazi-Soviet Pact
21East-Asia, 1931-1945 The Manchurian Incident of
1931
- Ultranationalists believed Japan could end
dependence on foreign trade if it had a colonial
empire in China - Junior officers blew up a railway in Manchuria
- Excuse for invasion
- Built heavy industries railways sped up
rearmament - At home, government became more authoritarian and
militaristic
22Chinese Communists and the Long March
- Challenge to Chiang-Kai shek came from Communist
Party - Chiang arrested and executed Communists, forcing
those who survived to flee to the remote
mountains - Guerilla warfare policies that won the support
of the peasants - Forced them to Shaanxi in 1935
http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gi
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23Mao Zedong1893-1976
- Farmers son
- Deviated from traditional Marxist-Leninists
- Redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor
peasants to gain peasant rather than industrial
worker support for a social revolution - Advocate of womens equality
- Party reserved leadership positions for men, (for
warfare)
24Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
- July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese
forces near Beijing - Then they launched a full invasion of China
- U.S and the League of Nations made no efforts to
stop the Japanese invasion - Chinese troops were poorly led and trained
- Unable to prevent Japan from controlling the
coastal provinces