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Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949

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Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949 Why was the response to Hitler so weak? Appeasement Fear of war Feared communism more than Germany Believed Hitler ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949


1
Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order 1929-1949
2
The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans
  • humble origins
  • visionary
  • skillful administrator
  • rose within the Communist Party
  • eliminated Leon Trotsky and all rivals
  • Ruthlessly Industrialized the Soviet Union

3
The Stalin Revolution Five Year Plans
  • Oct 1928, Stalin devised series of Five-Year
    Plans
  • Centralized state control over economy
  • Industrialization achieved extremely rapidly
  • No concern for environment

4
Collectivism of Agriculture
  • Peasants forced to pay for the investments
    required by the Five-Year Plans
  • Provided labor food for new industrial workers
  • Small farms became large collectives
  • Supplied government with fixed amount of food,
    then distributed what was left to their members

5
Collectivism of Agriculture
  • Collectivism tried to organize peasants into
    industrial way of life bring them under
    government control
  • violently suppressed the better-off peasants (the
    kulaks)
  • disrupted agricultural production
  • Caused famine-killed 5 million after bad harvests
    of 1933-34

6
Collectivism of Agriculture
  • Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) was intended to
    increase output of consumer goods
  • Fear of Nazi regime caused Stalin to shift
    emphasis to heavy industries armaments
  • Consumer goods became scarce food rationed

7
Terror and Opportunities
  • Industrialization/collectivization could only be
    carried out with threats force
  • NKVD (secret police) created climate of terror
  • SU industrialized faster than any other country
  • Stalinism created new opportunities
  • for women to join the work force
  • for obedient unquestioning people to rise within
    the ranks of the Communist Part, the military,
    the government, or their professions

One of the goals of collectivization was to
introduce modern farm machinery. This poster
shows delighted farmers operating new tractors
and threshers.
8
  • In late 1930s, the contrast between the economic
    strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression
    troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the
    impression that Stalins planned economy was a
    success

9
The DepressionEconomic Crisis
  • consumers cut their purchases
  • companies laid off workers
  • small farms failed
  • N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany Austria
  • They couldnt pay reparations to France and
    Britain
  • France Britain then couldnt repay their war
    loans to the U.S.
  • In 1930, the U.S. passed the Smoot-Hawley tariff
    act
  • Other countries followed suit
  • world trade declined by 62 between 1929 and 1932

10
Depression in Industrial Nations
  • France and Britain escaped the worst of the
    Depression by forcing their colonies to purchase
    their products
  • Japan and Germany suffered much more because they
    relied on exports to pay for imports of food and
    fuel
  • In the U.S., Britain, and France, governments
    tried to stimulate their economies with Programs
    like the New Deal
  • Germany and Japan devoted their economies to
    military build-up
  • hoped to acquire empires large enough to support
    self-sufficient economies

11
Depression in Non-industrialized Regions
  • The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin
    America unevenly.
  • India and China were not dependent on foreign
    trade and thus were little affected.
  • Countries that depended on exports of raw
    materials or on tourism were devastated.
  • In Latin America, the Depression led to the
    establishment of military dictatorships that
    tried to solve economic problems by imposing
    authoritarian control over their economies.
  • Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s.
  • The increasing value of gold and the relatively
    cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and
    the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that
    benefited European and South African mine owners.

12
The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy
  • In postwar Italy, thousands of unemployed
    veterans violent youths demanded action,
    intimidated politicians, served as strong-arm
    men for factory property owners
  • Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became
    leader of the Fascist Party
  • forced government to appoint him prime minister

13
The Rise of FascismMussolinis Italy
  • Mussolini installed Fascists to all government
    jobs crushed opposition
  • excelled at propaganda and glorified war
  • foreign policy was cautious
  • Italian Fascist movement imitated in most of
    Europe, Latin America, China, Japan

14
Hitlers Germany
  • Germany was hard-hit by
  • defeat in WWI
  • hyperinflation of 1923
  • Depression
  • blamed socialists, Jews, foreigners
  • became leader of the National Socialist German
    Workers Party (Nazis)
  • led unsuccessful uprising in Munich in 1924
  • In 1925, published Mein Kampf
  • his racial theories
  • his aspirations for Germany
  • proposal to eliminate all Jews from Europe

15
Hitlers Germany
  • Nazis gained support from the unemployed and from
    property owners
  • Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March
    1933 and assumed dictatorial power
  • declared himself Fuhrer of the Third Reich in
    August 1934
  • Hitlers economic and social policies were
    effective
  • led to an economic boom, low unemployment, and
    rising standards of living
  • Public Works Contracts
  • Military Build-up
  • Women encouraged to give up their jobs to men

16
The Road to War, 1933-1939
  • Hitlers goal was territorial conquest
  • Built up military
  • Tested the reactions of other powers by
  • withdrew from the League of Nations
  • introduced conscription
  • established an air force
  • Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and Hitler sent
    ground troops into the Rhineland in 1936

17
The Road to War, 1933-1939
  • No serious objections from France, Britain, or
    U.S. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and demanded
    German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia

18
Why was the response to Hitler so weak?
  • Appeasement
  • Fear of war
  • Feared communism more than Germany
  • Believed Hitler could be trusted

Munich Agreement Neville Chamberlain, Joachim
von Ribbentrop, Edouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler,
Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
19
After Munich?
  • Hitler could not be stopped short of war
  • March,1939, invaded Czechoslovakia
  • Inspired France and Britain to ask for Soviet
    help
  • Hitler Stalin were already negotiating the
    Nazi-Soviet Pact
  • Divided Poland between them

20
Nazi-Soviet Pact
21
East-Asia, 1931-1945 The Manchurian Incident of
1931
  • Ultranationalists believed Japan could end
    dependence on foreign trade if it had a colonial
    empire in China
  • Junior officers blew up a railway in Manchuria
  • Excuse for invasion
  • Built heavy industries railways sped up
    rearmament
  • At home, government became more authoritarian and
    militaristic

22
Chinese Communists and the Long March
  • Challenge to Chiang-Kai shek came from Communist
    Party
  • Chiang arrested and executed Communists, forcing
    those who survived to flee to the remote
    mountains
  • Guerilla warfare policies that won the support
    of the peasants
  • Forced them to Shaanxi in 1935

http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gi
f
23
Mao Zedong1893-1976
  • Farmers son
  • Deviated from traditional Marxist-Leninists
  • Redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor
    peasants to gain peasant rather than industrial
    worker support for a social revolution
  • Advocate of womens equality
  • Party reserved leadership positions for men, (for
    warfare)

24
Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
  • July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese
    forces near Beijing
  • Then they launched a full invasion of China
  • U.S and the League of Nations made no efforts to
    stop the Japanese invasion
  • Chinese troops were poorly led and trained
  • Unable to prevent Japan from controlling the
    coastal provinces
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