Chapter 8 The Enlightenment

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Chapter 8 The Enlightenment
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Age of Enlightenment

• Mans emergence from his nonage (Immanuel Kant)
• Ecrasez linfame-erase the infamous thing
  (superstition) sapere aude dare to know
• Secularization
• Freedom of thought toleration
• Unity of mankind under natural right/law/reason
• State is a fusion of power and force progress
• Simplify/clarify/popularize/apply science
• Progress/reason/science/civilization
• skepticism/deism/optimism/utilitarianism
• Paris, France, Republic of Letters, salons,
  Madame Geoffrin
• Censorship, public opinion, abstract letters
• The reading public expanded (47)

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18th Century
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Montesquieu

• Landed aristocrat, judge with bourgeoisie
  connection
• Admired Britain, influence on America
• lt Spirit of the Laws gt (1748)
• Government varied according to environment
• Attacks against absolutism power should be
  divided
• Practical political liberty Power should be a
  check of power
• Division of E/J/L political liberty or else
  there would be an end to everything
• Church can undue centralization
• Thought the church useful but irreligious
• Separation of church and state!! ))

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1689 1775
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Voltaire

• Bourgeoisie
• Faculty of pen lt Candide gt (1759)
• lt Philosophical Letters on England gt
• lt Universal History gt
• Religious toleration
• Jean Calas
• Ecrasez linfame bigotry, intolerance,
  superstition
• Natural morality/religion based on reason not
  superstition
• Supported enlightened despotism Frederick the
  Great
• Surrender political liberty for intellectual
  freedom

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1694 1778
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• Geneva
• No social aptitude money sense of money
• Psychologically complex, paranoid
• Religious by temperament, but against church
• Presence of feeling (compassion) Man of
  Feeling
• Mystical insights better than clear, rational
  ideas
• Critic of the Enlightenment
• lt Origins of the Inequality among Men gt (1753)
• Civilization is evil
• State of nature is better Child of Nature
• lt Emile gt (1762)
• A sense of aristocratic artifice French upper
  class lose faith in superiority
• Humanitarianism, compassion
• lt Considerations on Poland gt
• Father of nationalism, democracy

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1712 1778
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• lt The Social Contract gt (1762)
• General Will, agreement among the people
  themselves
• Through a contract the brutish person obtains
  natural rights and laws
• Those who refuse to obey the General Will are
  forced to be free
• Emancipation from the restraints of society,
  nature, and ones friends
• Man is born free and everywhere he is chains
• Each of us puts in common his person and his
  whole power under the supreme direction of the
  general will and in return we received every
  member as an indivisible part of a whole
• Life is nasty, brutish, and short xD

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1712 1778
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Others

• Denis Diderot (1713 1784)
• lt Encyclopediae gt (1751 1772)
• Distinguished list of contributors (Voltaire,
  Montesquieu, dAlembert, Buffon, Turgot ,
  Quesnay)
• A positive force for social progress
• Widely known and read
• Edward Gibbon
• lt Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire gt attacks
  on Christianity
• Dr. Samuel Johnson
• Not a philosophe worried over the supernatural
  religious
• Compilation of a new English dictionary
• Critic of Voltaire and Rousseau, to the
  plantations
• Bishop Warburton
• Church of England as a social institution is what
  pure reason would have created
• Marquis de Beccaria
• Humanize the criminal law
• Baron Grimm
• Literary newspaper in Paris
• Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph
  II
• David Hume

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18th Century
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Against the Enlightenment

• Isaac Watt
• Handel
• lt The Messiah gt (1741) lt Oh Come, All Ye Faithful
  gt
• lt The Spacious Firmament on High gt
• spacious, ethereal, spangled
• God has created a math perfect world
• God Original
• Bach
• Pietism
• Among Lutherans
• Stressed the inner spiritual experience
• John Wesley
• Student at Oxford
• Humanitarian work
• Itinerant preaching (250,000 mi/50 years)
• Great Awakening (1740s) with George Whitfield
• Methodism individual worth, spiritual
  consciousness
• Lavater
• Physiognomy

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18th Century