Chapter 18 Part 3

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Chapter 18Part 3

• The Enlightenment

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Women in the Enlightenment

• Women played a major role in the Salon Movement
• Many of the best and brightest of the
  Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss
  major issues of the day
• Hosted by wealthy women who sometimes took part
  in discussions AND were patrons as well

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Women in the Enlightenment

• Madame de Geoffren A big patron of Diderots
  Encyclopedia
• Louise de Warens Hostess and patron
• Mary Wollestoncraft (England) promoted
  political and educational equality for women

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Women

• The Philosophes favored increased rights and
  education for women

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The Later EnlightenmentLate 18th Century

• Became more skeptical
• Baron Paul dHolbach System of Nature
• Argued that humans were like machines
• Our behavior, beliefs were completely determined
  by outside forces
• Philosophy Determinism
• He was an atheist (undermined the Enlightenment)

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David Hume 1711-1776

• Also undermined the Enlightenments emphasis on
  Reason
• Argued against faith in both natural law AND
  faith (religious)
• Claimed that human ideas were merely the result
  of sensory experience and sohuman reason could
  not go beyone what was experienced through the
  senses

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Jean de Condorcet 1743-1794

• Progress of the Human Mind
• Identified 9 stages of human progress that had
  already occurred and predicted that the 10th
  stage would bring perfection
• His utopian ideas undermined the legitimacy of
  the Enlightenment

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Rousseau

• Attacked rationalism and civilization as
  destroying rather than liberating the individual
• The Father of Romantic Movement

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Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

• The greatest German philosopher of the
  Enlightenment
• Separated science and morality into two separate
  branches
• Science could describe nature but could not
  provide a guide for morality (limits to science)

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Immanuel Kant

• The Categorical Imperative was an intuitive
  instinct placed by God in the human conscience
• Believed that both ethical sense and aesthetic
  appreciation in human beings were beyond the
  knowledge of science
• Reason is just a function of the mind having no
  content in and of itself

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Classical Liberalism

• The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment
• Belief in liberty of the individual and equality
  before the law BUT NOT DEMOCRACY
• Natural Rights philosophy played a profound
  role in the American and French Revolutions

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Classical Liberalism

• Impact of Locke and Montesquieu was obvious in
  the American Constitution and the French
  Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Rousseaus General Will influenced the French
  Revolution after 1791 (the Reign of Terror)

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Classical Liberalism

• Belief in laissez-faire capitalism (Adam Smith)
• Government should not interfere in the economy
• Opposite of Mercantilism (Hobbes)

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Classical Liberalism

• Belief in progress through reason and education
• Progress human dignity and happiness
  (Declaration of Independence Pursuit of
  Happiness)

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Classical Liberalism

• Religious toleration
• Freedom of speech and the press
• Just punishments for crimes
• Equality before the law

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Reaction to Rational Religion

• German Pietism argued for spiritual conversion,
  personal religious experienceback to faith
• Methodism taught that humans needed spiritual
  regeneration and that a moral life would
  demonstrate that one was Born Again
• Founder John Wesley

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Religious Reaction to eh Enlightenment

• New Christian groups opposed the Enlightenment
• Fear that spirituality was on the decline due to
  the teaching of secular and deist views
• Wanted to recapture spiritual and emotional zeal

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Reaction to Rational Religion

• Jansenism (Catholic sect in France who had
  incorporated predestination into their
  beliefshad been persecuted by Louis XIV)
• Argued against the idea of an uninvolved and
  impersonal God
• In the U.S. The Secopnd Great Awakening