Enlightenment and Revolution 1550-1789

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Enlightenment and Revolution1550-1789

• Chapter 6

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The Scientific Revolution

• Section 1

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Learning Targets

• I can define the scientific revolution
• I can explain how the scientific revolution
  changed the way people looked at the world

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A Little Background

• Before the Enlightenment
• People were educated through their church
• Most people couldnt read
• How did they know what was true?
• After the Enlightenment
• People used science to learn
• Began to read on their own!
• Became more independent and free

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The Roots of Modern Science

• The Medieval View
• Geocentric Theory
• Earth-centered theory of the universe
• Everything revolved around the earth
• Christianity had taught this for centuries

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The Roots of Modern Science

• A New Way of Thinking
• The Scientific Revolution
• Some people began writing down new ideas and
  sharing them in books (like the internet today)
• They questioned what was taught in the past
• As Europeans explored, they used new technology
• Many were inspired by this to discover even more

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• The Heliocentric Theory
• Sun-Centered Theory
• Nicolaus Copernicus created this in the early
  1500s
• He feared persecution by the Church for
  challenging their geocentric theory
• Didnt publish his findings until he was on his
  deathbed!

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Galileos Discoveries
• Took early version of telescope and improved it
  in 1609
• Used it to write a book, Starry Messenger, to
  describe his discoveries
• Moon had rough surface
• Sun had spots (used sunglasses)
• Jupiter had four moons

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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

• Conflict With the Church
• Like Copernicus, his ideas challenged church
  authority
• He was summoned by the Pope, to apologize and
  deny his discoveries
• He did
• Lived under house arrest the rest of his life!
• The church admitted Galileo was right in 1992

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The Scientific Method

• These scientists developed a common routine for
  discovering new ideas
• Observe something
• Identify a problem, and guess a solution
• Then test your solution
• Evaluate the results and retest if necessary

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The Scientific Method

• Bacon and Descartes
• Frances Bacon encouraged more experimentation to
  prove new ideas
• He wrote publicly about this, and attacked anyone
  who disagreed
• Rene Descartes wanted to use Math and Logic to
  prove new ideas
• I think, therefore I am.
• Anything is uncertain until logic proved it true.

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Newton Explains Law of Gravity

• Isaac Newton
• Brought all recent discoveries into a new theory
• Universal Law of Gravitation
• Every object in the universe attracts every other
  object
• Strength of attraction depends on mass and
  distance

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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Scientific Instruments
• The Microscope
• Now able to look at bacteria
• Red Blood Cells
• The Thermometer
• 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit develops his own
  thermometer
• 1742, Anders Celsius creates his own thermometer
  too

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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Medicine and the Human Body
• Doctors used to accept the writings of someone
  who had never dissected a body!
• Had assumed human anatomy was same as pigs
• Soon, scientists started to dissect real human
  bodies to improve medicine
• Smallpox
• Late 1700s, Edward Jenner created a smallpox
  vaccine using a weaker version from cows

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The Scientific Revolution Spreads

• Discoveries in Chemistry
• Robert Boyle
• Father of modern chemistry
• Explained relationship of volume, temperature,
  and pressure
• Think of water boiling

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The Enlightenment in Europe

• Section 2

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Learning Targets

• I can summarize how Enlightenment ideas are found
  in the U.S. government

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Sum it up! Activity

• Go to Chapter 6 Sec 2
• Put your name and date at the top
• 9/3/10
• Put the title of the Section
• Read the Section
• As you read, write down the main ideas
• Using main ideas, summarize at bottom in 20 words
  or less!

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The Enlightenment in Europe

• Section 2

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Learning Targets

• I can summarize Enlightenment ideas that are
  found in the U.S. government.

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A Little Background

• New Ways of Thinking
• Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many
  prevailing ideas
• Europeans seek insights into society during
  1600s,1700s
• Leads to the Enlightenmenta movement stressing
  reason and thought
• The Enlightenment
• An age of reason
• Influenced by Scientific Revolution
• Stressed ability of individuals to solve problems
• Influenced western countries (like the U.S.)

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Two Views on Government

• Hobbes Social Contract
• Thomas Hobbes fought in English Civil War
• It was horrible and bloody
• He lost faith in human beings
• Hobbes doesnt trust most humans
• Believes they needed a strong leader Leviathan
  (favored monarchs)
• Needed to surrender their rights for order
• Called this a Social Contract give up rights
  for security

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Two Views on Government

• Lockes Natural Rights
• Opposite of Hobbes
• John Locke trusted people
• Believed people would make good choices over time
• Argued Self-Rule
• Ideas of Life, Liberty, and Property natural
  rights
• Strong supporter of Democracy
• People have the right to overthrow bad government

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• French Philosophes Believed in 5 Things
• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Voltaire Combats Intolerance
• Challenged authority of powerful leaders
• Strong supporter of Free Speech
• I do not agree with a word you say but will
  defend to the death your right to say it.
• Advocated freedom of religion, speech and reason

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
• Baron de Montesquieu (mon-tah-skew) admired the
  British system of government
• Supported idea of separation of powers in a
  government
• Influenced 3 Branches in U.S. Constitution
• Executive, Legislative, and Judicial

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Rousseau Champion of Freedom
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Strong supporter of Direct Democracy
• Citizens vote directly on EVERYTHING
• Believed people worked together to create a
  government of laws
• People surrendered some freedoms, but not as many
  as Hobbes had suggested

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The Philosophes Advocate Reason

• Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
• Cesare Beccaria (Bayk-uh-ree-ah)
• Believed in fair legal system
• Laws should be enforced for everyone
• No cruel or unusual punishment
• Punishment seriousness of crime
• No capital punishment though
• The punishment must fit the crime

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Women and the Enlightenment

• Most women did not benefit from the Enlightenment
• Some influenced change
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Argued that women needed equal education as men
• Influenced many women entering field of medicine
  and politics

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Legacy of the Enlightenment

• Belief in Progress
• New discoveries encouraged new ideas
• Galileo and Newton opened the door for new
  discoveries in science
• People also believed that social problems could
  be solved in much the same way

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Legacy of the Enlightenment

• A More Secular Outlook
• Secular (Worldly, or Non-Religious)
• New discoveries challenged teachings and
  authority of church
• Some questioned Gods existence
• Scientists like Newton were very religious
• Hoped to reveal Gods power through his
  discoveries

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Legacy of the Enlightenment

• Importance of the Individual
• As people turned away from authority, they turned
  to themselves
• Governments should represent these individuals
• Representative Democracy
• Economic Progress
• People acting on own self-interest would create
  economic progress

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Enlightenment Chart

• On a blank piece of paper
• Fold in half vertically
• On one side list Enlightenment Thinkers
• On the right side, describe their impact on our
  government today

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The Enlightenment Spreads

• Section 3

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Learning Targets

• I can identify and locate on a map, the European
  nations where the Enlightenment expanded to.
• I can explain the causes of the Enlightenment.

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Key Idea (section 3)

• Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western
  World, and influenced the arts, economies, and
  governments.

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Paris Enjoys the Enlightenment

• Paris, France
• Became cultural center of Europe
• People from Europe and the Americas came to Paris
  to hear these new ideas
• Writers and Artists gathered in wealthy homes to
  discuss new ideas
• Called salons.

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Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia

• Marie-Therese Geoffrin
• Hosts salon discussions
• Funds the research for the creation of the
  Encyclopedia

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Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia

• Denis Diderot
• Uses her money to write down all the information
  / knowledge he can into a set of books called The
  Encyclopedia.

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Enlightenment creates the Encyclopedia

• Challenges to the Encyclopedia
• The Catholic Church banned it
• The French Government did too
• These bans were later lifted, and the
  Encyclopedia helped to spread Enlightenment ideas

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Social Classes

• The Middle Class
• They were already becoming wealthier
• But did not enjoy the privileges of the nobles
• Nor did they have much political power
• Ideas of equality sounded great to them

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Art Grows Too

• Artists
• Showed more balance and elegance
• More simplicity
• Composers
• Classical music started to emerge
• It was lighter and more elegant
• Literature
• The novel was born
• Longer stories with many twists and character
  descriptions

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Enlightenment and Monarchy

• The best form of government
• Many enlightenment thinkers believed that a
  monarchy was the best government
• Only as long as the monarch respected the rights
  of the people
• The enlightenment thinkers tried to influence the
  monarchs to rule fairly

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Lets Review

• Get out a blank piece of paper
• Write every letter of the Alphabet A-Z
• Try to come up with a word from the notes for
  each letter!
• Then write a 3-4 sentence summary on the back

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The Enlightened Despots

• Despot-
• Absolute ruler
• There were 3 Enlightened Despots
• Frederick the Great of Prussia
• Joseph II of the Roman Empire
• Catherine the Great of Russia

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Frederick the Great

• Prussian
• Called himself a servant of Prussia
• Religious Freedom, free speech, better education
• Got rid of torture
• Like Beccaria

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Joseph II

• Holy Roman Emperor
• Free Speech
• Freedom of Worship
• Protestants and Jews
• They undid his changes after he died!

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Catherine the Great

• Russian
• Absolute Ruler
• Followed ideas of Beccaria and Montesquieu
• Started to make changes for the better through
  commissions
• Never got it done though!

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What We Learned

• The Enlightenment started to spread especially
  through Paris, France
• Talked about ideas in salons
• New ideas put together in Encyclopedia
• Middle Class grew wealthier, but didnt have more
  power
• Art became simpler and more interesting
• Leaders became more enlightened

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The American Revolution

• Section 4

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Learning Targets

• I can explain the causes of the American
  Revolution.
• I can describe the Enlightenment ideas that are
  found in the American Revolution.

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The American Revolution

Britain and Its American Colonies
The American Colonies Grow American colonies
grow large and populous during 1600s,
1700s Colonies thrive economically through
trade with Europe - Britains Navigation Act
restricts that trade (1651) - other trade laws
add restrictions, taxes Colonists identify less
and less as British subjects
NEXT
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Americans Win Independence
BritishColonial Tensions Arise Britain,
American colonies win French and Indian War in
1763 Britain taxes colonists to help pay war
debts Colonists argue that British cannot tax
them without their consent
Growing Hostility Leads to War Colonists
protest tea tax with Boston Tea Party in
1773 Colonists meet in Philadelphia to address
British policies (1774) British and Americans
exchange fire at Lexington and Concord in 1775
NEXT
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continued Americans Win Independence
The Influence of the Enlightenment Colonial
leaders push for independence, rely on
Enlightenment ideas Declaration of
Independencedocument justifying colonial
rebellion Leader Thomas Jefferson writes
Declaration, uses ideas of Locke
Success for the Colonists Despite British
military might, colonists have advantages
- motivating cause of freedom - French
assistance - wars expense for Britain British
surrender at Yorktown in 1781 colonists win
the war
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Americans create a republic
A Weak National Government Articles of
Confederation set government plan for new
republic Articles create legislature only, no
executive or judicial branches Result is weak
national government fails to provide unity and
order
A New Constitution Leaders call Constitutional
Convention in 1787 to revise articles Group
instead creates a new government under U.S.
Constitution Constitution contains many
political ideas of the Enlightenment
Continued . . .
NEXT
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Influence on Government
The Federal System Constitution creates three
branches of government Provides checks and
balancesensures branches share power equally
Promotes federal systempower divided
between nation and states
The Bill of Rights Some fear too much national
power, few protections of rights Leaders win
support for Constitution by adding a Bill of
Rights - ten amendments to Constitution that
protect freedoms
NEXT
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Influences on the Constitution

• Montesquieu
• 3 Branches of Government, Separation of Powers
• Locke
• Life, Liberty, Property, and the pursuit of
  happiness
• Voltaire
• Free speech and religion
• Beccaria
• A fair system of justice

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The Enlightenment in the U.S.

• Get a U.S. History Book (BLUE)
• Declaration of Independence (page 54)
• Constitution (page 84)
• Bill of Rights (page 96)
• 1st 10 Amendments