Chapter 3, Section 2

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Chapter 3,Section 2

• Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

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Indias Geography

• India is a land of great Diversity
• Has over 110 different languages with over 1100
  dialects spoken
• Geography ranges from fertile forests to desert,
  to high mountains
• Indian Subcontinent
• Smaller than a continent
• Subcontinent of Asia
• Divided from Asia by Himalaya and Hindu Kush
  mountain ranges

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Aryan Invasion/Migration

• Aryans come to India
• 1500 BCE group of Indo-European nomads began to
  move out of Central Asia
• Warfare were advanced fighters
• Arrival in India - Advanced East from Indus
  Valley, eventually occupying almost all of India

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Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries

• Hinduism
• Collection of religious beliefs that developed
  slowly over time
• No one founder with a single set of ideas

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The Vedas

• 1200 BCE-600 BCE
• Written in Sanskrit
• Hindu core of beliefs
• Hymns poems
• Religious prayers
• Magical spells
• Lists of the gods
• Rig Veda oldest work

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• Origins and Beliefs
• 750-500 BC, Hindu teachers create
  Upanishads-texts of teachings
• Each person has atman-soul united with all others
  in Brahman
• In reincarnation, people reborn to new lives
• A souls good and bad deeds, karma, determines
  course of new life

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• Hinduism Changes and Develops
• Over last 2,500 years different forms of god grow
  in importance
• Today, Hindus choose own path to moksha-a state
  of perfect understanding
• Hinduism and Society
• Hinduism strengthened the caste system

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Caste System

• System was not originally particularly rigid
• Contained opportunity for mobility
• Intermarriage between castes was allowed
• System became increasingly complex and rigid as
  time went on
• Hundreds of castes
• No social contact between them
• At bottom, were the untouchables

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Caste System

• Who is
• The mouth?
• The arms?
• The legs?
• The feet?

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• New Religions Arise
• Jainism, a new religion, arises in 500s BC
• Jains will not harm any creature
• They work in trade, commerce practice religious
  tolerance

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The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

• Siddhartha Gautama
• Founder of Buddhism priests prophesized his
  greatness

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• Siddhartha's Quest
• Raised in isolation, Siddhartha Gautama wants to
  learn about world
• Seeks enlightenment (wisdom), how to escape human
  suffering
• Tries many methods gains enlightenment by
  meditating
• Becomes the Buddha, the enlightened one

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• Seeking Truth
• Siddhartha tried many different ways of achieving
  enlightenment.
• He tried mediation, fasting, physical discomfort,
  but none along worked for him.
• He almost starved himself to death at one point.
  
• After that he knew he needed to try something
  different.
• Enlightenment
• Siddhartha decided that he would meditate until
  he discovered the way to end human suffering.
• Bodhi Tree He sat under a Bodhi tree and said
  that he would not get up until he had achieved
  enlightenment.
• He mediated for 40 days amidst temptation, and at
  the end said that he was awake he had achieved,
  Nirvana, or Enlightenment. This is when he
  became the Buddha, or enlightened one.

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• Origins and Beliefs
• Buddha begins to teach followers
• Preaches Four Noble Truths-basic philosophy of
  Buddhism
• Fourth Noble Truth is to follow the Eightfold
  Path to achieve nirvana
• Nirvana
• A perfect state of understanding
• A release from selfishness and pain
• A break from the chain of reincarnations,
  rebirths
• Buddha rejects caste system and multiple gods of
  Hinduism

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• The Religious Community
• Some followers devote lives to religion, become
  monks and nuns
• Three bases of Buddhism
• Buddha
• religious community
• teachings

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• Buddhism and Society
• Many followers at first among poor and lower
  caste
• Monks and nuns spread Buddhas teachings
• Teachings written to become sacred literature

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• Buddhism in India
• Spreads to other parts of Asia
• Never gains firm hold in India Hinduism remains
  strong
• Buddhist pilgrims often visit India

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• Trade and the Spread of Buddhism
• Buddhism spreads by traders to
• Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Sumatra
• China, Korea, Japan

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Buddhas Life

• Buddha practices what he preached
• Only owned simple robe, walking stick, and wooden
  bowl
• Always slept outside and walked everywhere he
  went
• Presented his creed in a simple language
• Treated all persons equally
• Many people attracted to him as a result
• Millions of converts across Asia

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Spread of Buddhism

• Convents and Monasteries The Buddha had many
  followers, both men and women. He did not
  discriminate based on gender.
• Death of the Buddha He died of food poisoning at
  the home of a friend.
• Scriptures His teachings were collected in the
  Tripitika, or three baskets of wisdom.

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Buddhist Traditions

• Buddhism ultimately split into 2 traditions
• Theravada (Little Vehicle)
• Do not view Buddha as a god, was just a great man
• Strict practice and dediction
• Mahayana (Big Vehicle)
• Largest of the two
• Buddha was human incarnation of Brahma Buddha
  was a god
• Led to worship of Buddha, creation of idols,
  elaborate rituals, and temples
• Vow not to reach Nirvana, instead stay to help
  others reach Nirvana first

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Stupa

• Shrine that houses Buddhist relics