The Crusades

1
The Crusades

• Europes Unsuccessful Takeover of the Holy Land

2
The Holy Land

• Jerusalem The Sacred City
• For Jews, it is the spiritual capital which
  Solomons Temple once stood.
• For Muslims, it is believed to be the place where
  Muhammad rose to heaven
• For Christians it is the place where Jesus Christ
  was crucified and rose from the dead.
• Jerusalem was under Muslim rule since the 7th
  Century.

3
Pilgrimage A journey to a holy site

• During the Middle Ages religious faith led
  pilgrims travel long distances. They sought
  cures to illnesses, forgiveness of sins and to
  show their devotion to God.
• Travel was dangerous and difficult robbers were
  a constant threat.

4
Pilgrims
5
Precursor to Crusades

• By 1095, Turks advance borders to within 100
  miles of Constantinople

• Byzantine Emperor seeks help from Pope.
• Pope Urban II calls on European Kings to send
  nobles to drive back Muslims and reclaim Jerusalem

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Motivations for Crusaders

• Nobles wanted to gain new lands
• Power and Influence
• Faith many wore a red Cross on their chest to
  symbolize devotion
• Crusades Latin word crux meaning cross
• Merchants earn money through trade

7
1st Crusade 1099 C.E.

• Muslims were surprised
• Christians were not as advanced, but Muslims were
  divided and weakened by war
• French and Norman Knights took Jerusalem
• Crusaders massacred Jews, Muslims and even
  Christians living in the city
• Survivors sold into slavery
• Jerusalem remained Christian for 80 years

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2nd Crusade 1148 C.E.

• German and French invaders were beaten badly by a
  more organized Muslim defense.

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3rd Crusade 1187-1192 C.E.

• Salah al-Din, Sultan of Egypt recaptured
  Jerusalem for the Muslims
• Does not slaughter Christians, he lets them pay
  for their freedom
• For this, he was well respected in Europe

10
3rd Crusade (Continued)

• King Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart)
  fought Salah al-Din for Jerusalem
• Both armies weakened by fighting
• Stalemate outside city walls peace treaty

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Short Term Affect of the Crusades

• After 10 Crusades and over 100 years, Europeans
  only controlled Jerusalem briefly after the first
  Crusade.

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Long term Affects of the Crusades

• They weakened the remaining Byzantine Empire and
  left it open to Turkish attack.
• European kings gained authority while lords were
  on the Crusades.
• Contact with the Byzantines, the Muslims and
  Jewish communities in the East led to a greater
  interest in learning.
• Created demand for good from the East
  silk,spices, lemons and cloth. (This demand for
  goods also led to a demand for NEW TRADE ROUTES.)
• The Crusades help to breakdown feudalism in
  western Europe.

13
Reconquista

• Christians plan to retake Spain from Muslim rule
• Muslims, Jews and Christians lived in some cities
  together in peace

14
Reconquista (Continued)

• Muslims were divided and the Christians once
  again took advantage of weakness

• Cordoba and Toledo captured by Christians
• Granada remained Muslim till 1492

15
Inquisition

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to unite
  Spain as a Catholic country
• Muslims and Jews forced to convert were now
  called into question by judges
• Inquisitors used torture to find out if converts
  were practicing old religion
• Thousands were burned at the stake
• Nearly 200,000 Jews were expelled from Spain

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Inquisition

• Circa 1500, A prisoner undergoing torture at the
  hands of the Spanish Inquisition.
• Monks in the background wait for his confession
  with quill and paper.