The Crusades

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The Crusades

• Chapter 8 (p. 255)

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1096 AD

• Beginsbut lasts for over 200 years
• Christians battled Muslims for control of lands
  in the Middle East
• Ultimately, this shows Medieval Europeans that
  the world was larger than they ever dreamedwhich
  sped up changes in European society

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1050 AD

• Western Europe was in a period of isolation
  (while most others were thriving)
• Islamic civilization stretched from Spain to
  Indiaand began spreading even farther

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1050 AD In the Americas

• Maya were clearing areas of the rainforest to
  build cities with temples
• Native Americans were building in South America
• American civilizations remained relatively
  isolated from others

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Byzantine Empire

• Formerly the eastern Roman empire
• By 1071, Seljuk Turks invaded the empire and
  overran most of the Byzantine lands in Asia Minor
  (Turkey)

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Seljuk Turks

• Extended power over the Holy Land (Jerusalem) and
  other places where Christians believed Jesus
  lived and preached
• Palestine
• Ultimately, this prevented Christian pilgrims
  from traveling to the Holy Land

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Call for Help

• Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, asked Pope Urban II
  for Christian knights to help fight Muslim Turks
• Even though popes/emperors were rivalshe agreed

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Call to War 1095

• Council of ClermontUrban called bishops and
  nobles into action
• P. 256
• Crusaders would be granted remission for all
  sins.

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God Wills It

• Was chanted by the assembly
• By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way
  to the Holy Land
• Ordinary men and women went too

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Why?

• Salvation
• Escape troubles at home
• Adventure
• Treasure/wealth
• ..but few returned

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Motives of the Pope

• Increase power
• Heal the split in the Church (east/west)
• Hoped that Christians would fight Muslims instead
  of each other

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The First Crusade

• Only crusade that came close to success
• Christians capture Jerusalem in 1099 (long
  bloody campaign)
• Killed Muslims and Jews in the city

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Crusader States

• Crusaders conquered land and divided it into 4
  states
• Muslims sought to destroy these states
• Thus, Europeans launched new crusades

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A Losing Battle

• Over 200 years fighting (off and on)
• 1187Jerusalem fell to the Muslims (led by
  Saladin)
• 3rd Crusade Europeans failed to retake
  Jerusalem
• But, Saladin did reopen the Holy City to
  Christian pilgrims

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Other Crusades

• Europeans mounted crusades against other Muslim
  lands (esp. North Africa)
• Crusaders defeated

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4th Crusade

• Crusaders fought other Christianslooted the
  Byzantine Empire

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Childrens Crusade

• Boy has a vision to convert Muslims to
  Christianity in the Holy Land
• Gains following of about 30,000 children
• Leads toward the Mediterranean Sea

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Childrens Crusade

• Many died
• Sold into slavery
• Killed
• Disease/exhaustion
• LEGEND?

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Impact

• Legacy of religious hatred
• Increased speed of changes for European society
• Economy expanded
• Increased the power of monarchs (who collected
  taxes to pay for the crusades)
• Gained a view of a larger world

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Marco Polo

• 1271set out for China
• Stayed in China for many years
• Returned to Venice wrote a book
• Many doubt he was ever in China
• Government run mail service??
• black stones to heat homes??

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Crusades Map
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