The Crusades

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The Crusades

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The First Crusade
1096-1099

• Pope Urban II called for a crusade after Alexius
  Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor asked for
  assistance against the Turks.
• Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless
  immediately lead a group that rushed ahead of the
  official expedition members of this Peasants
  Crusade were all slaughtered.
• Main army consisted of well-trained French and
  Norman Knights the leaders included Godfrey of
  Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, Robert of
  Flanders, Bohemund of Taranto, and Hugh of
  Vermandios this army was joined by Byzantine
  forces in Constantinople.
• In 1097, the armies won the first major battle
  near Nicaea, now in north-western Turkey.

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The First Crusade, Continued

• Inter-army conflict spilt the forces the
  Western European forces march towards Jerusalem,
  fighting battles along the way.
• One of the most difficult was the siege of
  Antioch in northern Syria, and many crusaders
  died there.
• After Antioch was captured, the Turks attacked,
  but the discovery of a lance said to have wounded
  Jesus on the cross inspired the Crusaders to a
  great victory.
• In 1099 they arrived at Jerusalem and after 6
  weeks of fighting they reclaimed the city.
• Most crusaders returned home, but the leaders
  who remained divided the Holy Land into four
  states the County of Edessa, the County of
  Tripolis, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the
  Principality of Antioch.

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The Second Crusade
1147-1149

• In 1144, the Turks conquered the County of
  Edessa, and the threat to the other states
  brought on the Second Crusade.
• The French religious leader Bernard of Clairvaux
  inspired Europeans to defend the states in the
  Holy Land.
• King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of
  Germany both lead armies into Asia Minor, but
  their armies suffered from a lack of cooperation.
• The two armies were defeated before reaching
  Edessa.

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The Third Crusade
1189-1192

• In 1183, Salahadin, the sultan of Egypt and
  Syria, united the Muslims against the Christian
  states and in 1187 Salahadin defeated the
  Christians at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin,
  after which he retook Jerusalem.
• The loss of Jerusalem inspired the Third
  Crusade at the time only the cities of Tyre,
  Tripoli, and Antioch remained in Christian hands.
• The leaders of the Third Crusade included
  Richard the I of England, Philip II of France,
  and Frederick I of Germany.
• Frederick drowned in 1190 on his way to the Holy
  Land after falling off of his horse quarreling
  between Richard and Philip limited the success of
  the crusaders.
• The cities of Acre and Jaffa were conquered in
  1191, after which Philip returned home to plot
  against Richard.
• Richard failed to free Jerusalem, but he
  negotiated a treaty with Salahadin that allowed
  Christian pilgrims to freely enter Jerusalem.

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The Fourth Crusade
1202-1204

• Resulting from the failure of the Third Crusade
  to capture Jerusalem, the Fourth Crusade became
  tangled but in Byzantine politics and never
  reached their goal.
• Pope Innocent III persuades French nobles to
  take part in this Crusade. The plan was for
  Venetian trades to transport them to Egypt so as
  to spilt the Muslim power. The crusaders could
  not pay the cost of the ships, so as payment the
  Crusaders had to attack city Zara.
• At the same time, a Greek prince named Alexius
  claimed he should be ruler of the Byzantine
  empire and enlisted the aid of the crusaders.
• In 1203 the crusaders seized Constantinople and
  made Alexius and his dad Issac co-emperors but
  Alexius could not fulfil promised he had made to
  supply them with gold and other aid.
• So in 1204, the crusaders captured
  Constantinople again and made Baldwin of Flanders
  the new emperor. This Latin Empire of
  Constantinople lasted until 1261.

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The Children's Crusade
1212

• Thousands of boys and girls from ages 10 to 18
  became convinced that they could recapture
  Jerusalem.
• They expected God to let them win because they
  were poor and faithful and also expected God to
  part the waters of the Mediterranean so that they
  could get to the Holy Land.
• None of them reached the Holy Land.
• Many died or froze during the march to the
  Mediterranean, and when the waters didnt part,
  the others returned home.
• Some got aboard easterly bound ships and
  drowned.

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Other Crusades

• The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) had the success of
  capturing the town of Damietta in Egypt future
  efforts to win stuff failed.
• The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was led by Emperor
  Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire. He
  negotiated a peace with the Muslims and received
  Jerusalem from the sultan.
• The loss of Jerusalem in 1244 led to the Seventh
  Crusade, led by Louis IX of France (Saint Louis).
  He tried to capture Egyptian cities, but he was
  captured instead and ransomed back to his people
  for a huge sum.
• In 1270 Louis led the Eighth Crusade, but he
  soon died when the plague broke out.

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After These Crusades

• The Muslims continued to gain territory
• In 1268 they captured Antioch, and in 1291 they
  seized Acre, the last Christian stronghold.
• Europeans lost interest in the Holy Land, and
  several attempts to get a crusade in the 1300s
  and 1400s failed.
• Instead, Europe turned to the New World when
  Columbus found America and gave the Holy Land to
  the Muslims.

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The End
Kenneth Reinker Quran Kariem Ben Haas Andrew
Feury Ahmed El-Helw