The Crusades

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The Crusades

• The Fight for the Holy land

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Causes of the Crusades

• The Pope
• Wanted to reunite with Byzantine Empire (Eastern
  Orthodox)
• Wanted to show power of Papacy
• The Knights
• Promised Heaven for crusading
• Wanted plunder
• The Merchants
• Wealth from major trading cities in Eastern
  Europe and Middle East

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God Wills it!

• Pope Urban II calls for the crusades in 1095.
• 8 official crusades and numerous unofficial
  crusades follow.

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The First Crusade
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Results of 1st Crusade

• More than ¾ of Crusaders died before reaching the
  Muslims
• In 1099 the Christians captured about 400 miles
  of land around Jerusalem
• Muslims were slaughtered and Jews burned to death

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The Second Crusade
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Results of the 2nd Crusade

• In 1144, the Turks re-conquered the area won by
  the Christians in the first crusade.
• Saladins success caused Christians to lead a 3rd
  crusade.

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The Third Crusade
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Kings Crusade

• Third crusade led by three powerful monarchs
• King Philip Augustus, France
• Emperor Frederick I, Germany
• King Richard I (Lionheart), England
• Only Richard I survived and made a peaceful
  agreement with Saladin in 1192, leaving Muslim
  control of Holy land, but allowed Christians to
  visit and prosper.

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The Fourth Crusade
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4th Crusade Never Reaches Jerusalem

• Pope Innocent III ordered 4th crusade
• Crusaders attacked Island of Zara and
  Constantinople instead, for wealth
• Pope excommunicated them, but permanent split
  between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
  resulted

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The Fifth Crusade
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Crusades 5-8

• Crusades 5, 7 8 were focused mostly on Islamic
  cities in Egypt and N. Africa, and did not
  accomplish much.
• Crusade 6 actually saw Jerusalem back in the
  hands of the Christians, but Pope excommunicated
  the negotiator of the deal and Jerusalem ended in
  the hands of the Muslims.

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Effects of Crusade

• Decline of papal prestige
• Failure to gain control of Holy Land
• Decline of noble power
• Knights died in battle and of disease and lost
  land
• Decline of Byzantine power
• 4th Crusade dealt serious blow, it never fully
  recovered
• Increase in monarch power
• Kings took advantage of noble misfortune
• Increase in religious intolerance
• Tensions between Roman Catholics, Eastern
  Orthodox, Muslim, and Jews
• Increase in trade
• Crusaders like spices and good of Middle East
  sparked Age of Exploration