The Crusades

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Crusades
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Background

• During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church had
  risen in power.
• After the fall of Rome, the Eastern portion of
  the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

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Background- Causes

• What changed in the relationship between Muslims
  and Christians which prompted the call for the
  First Crusade?
• Jerusalem was a holy land for the Christians
  because it was where Jesus died and each year
  many came to visit (pilgrimages).
• Jerusalem was also holy for Muslims because
  Mohammed built the Al-Asqa Mosque there.
• Jerusalem was holy to the Jews because it was
  their traditional national and religious capital
  and the home of the temple.
• Previously, the Umayyad and the Abbasid Muslim
  empires who controlled Jerusalem, were relaxed
  about Christians living in and travelling to
  Jerusalem on pilgrimages.
• BUT
• When the Seljuk Turks (Muslims) controlled the
  land, they began not allowing visitors and
  started treating Christians badly.

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Jerusalem

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Pope Urban II and his call

• 1093- Byzantine Emperor Alexius wanted help to
  save Constantinople from Turks ? asks Church
• It was believed that the increase in Muslim power
  would threaten the Byzantine Capital of
  Constantinople.
• 2. When was the First Crusade?
• 1095- Pope Urban II issues a call for a holy
  war or Crusade to capture the Holy land
  (Palestine) back from Muslims.

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• 3. What reason did Pope Urban give people to
  encourage them to take part in the First Crusade?
• Pope assured that those that die in Crusade would
  have a place in Heaven.
• People were keen to take the opportunity to earn
  time off purgatory.
• 4. What was his real motivation?
• The Pope hoped that this would provide the
  opportunity for him to gain power in the Eastern
  Orthodox church as well and unite all of the
  Christians.

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1. What can you see?
2. Where do you think this man is going?
3. What words would you use to describe this man?
4. What impression do you get from the picture?
5. How would you feel if this was you?
6. What do you think it would be like to go on a
   Crusade?

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• 5. Why did people volunteer for the First
  Crusade?
• To the Crusaders, they were going to work to
  protect Christ and his kingdom. They believed
  that they were doing Gods will by going on the
  Crusades and that He would bless them for it.

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Map of Crusades
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The First Crusade

• The word crusade comes from the Spanish cruzade
  which means marked with the cross.
• Crusaders wore red crosses on their chests to
  symbolize their purpose.

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The First Crusade

• Urban had appointed August 1096 as the time of
  departure, but many of the impatient peasants,
  who were among the first recruits, could not
  wait.
• Led by such personalities as Peter the Hermit and
  Walter the Penniless, they set out in three
  groups and quickly devolved into disorder,
  hunger, and ill-discipline.
• They were all but annihilated by a force of Turks
  at Nicea.

Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of the East, receives
Peter the Hermit at Constantinople, August
1096by Gillot Saint-Evre
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The First Crusade

• On July 15 the Crusaders went over the city walls
  and unleashed complete carnage.
• Blood reportedly ran knee-deep
• 70,000 Muslims were slaughtered.
• Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned
  alive.

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1st Crusade- 1096

• Crusaders capture Jerusalem
• 1187- Jerusalem falls back to Muslim rule

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Third Crusade

• 6. Who were the important leaders involved in the
  Third Crusade?
• Led by Richard the Lionhearted- King of England
  and Philip of France.
• Despite war, they eventually they came to a truce
  with Saladin, leader of Muslims
• Christians (unarmed) would be allowed in city.

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Fourth crusade

• 7. How did the Fourth Crusade result in the
  ultimate fall of Constantinople in 1453?
• The crusaders ordered a great fleet of ships from
  the Venetians in order to travel to the Holy
  Land.
• Far fewer crusaders actually arrived than
  anticipated, which meant that they could not pay
  for the ships.
• The Venetians asked the crusaders to pay them
  back by attacking the Christian city of Zara
  which used to be under Venetian control.
• The Pope excommunicated the crusaders and the
  Venetians
• The crusaders were then invited to
  Constantinople by Alexius III in order to help
  him become emperor. He said that he would then
  reward them.
• The crusaders helped Alexius, but before he could
  pay them, he lost his position.
• The crusaders then attacked Constantinople in
  1204 AD, sacked the city and stole valuable
  items.
• The fourth crusade doomed the Byzantine Empire,
  which never really recovered. Constantinople, a
  shadow of its former self, was conquered by the
  Turks in 1453.

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The Crusades 7-8 total

• The next 4 were unsuccessful in recapturing city.
  
• But there were other crusades.

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Effects of Crusades

• Showed power of Church
• Increased trading between East and West
• will lead to massive Cultural Diffusion
• Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
• Bitterness and an increased divide between the
  Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic
  Church
• Constantinople (Istanbul) eventually fell to
  Turks as a result of the weakening of their
  position from the attack of the Fourth Crusade.

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Acknowledgements

• Crash Course World History video The Crusades
  Pilgrimage or Holy war? John Green
• Western Society in the Church in the Middle
  Ages. R. W. Southern (1970).
• The images on this PowerPoint were used from a
  number of TES PowerPoints.