The Age of Realpolitik 1848-1871

1
The Age of Realpolitik1848-1871

• Chapter 25-1

2
Post 1850 Nationalism

• Failed Revolutions of 1848
• Germany
• Italy
• Austria (Hapsburg Empire)
• France

3
Germany

• Liberals and Nationalists failed to get the
  support of Prussian King Frederick William Iv for
  a unified Germany under a Constitutional monarchy
  at the Frankfort Parliament
• Frederick William IV refused to accept the crown
  from the gutter and offered his own (Divine
  Rightish) constitution instead

4
Germany continued

• Austria would accept a plan for German unity only
  if Prussia took an oath of loyalty to the German
  Bund (with Austria the head of the Diet)
• Humiliation of Olmutz Prussia was forced to put
  her ambitions aside (for now)

5
Italy

• Austrian forces were driven out of Northern Italy
• French forces were driven out of Southern Italy
  and Sicily
• Mazzini, protected by Garibaldi and his army,
  proclaimed the Roman Republic in 1849
• But Italian revolutionaries could not work
  together rural population not on board Austria
  and France regained lost land

6
Austria (Hapsburg Empire)

• Louis Kossuth led Hungarian forces to the gates
  of Vienna
• But Austrian army (aided by Russian troops and
  Slavs within the empire) defeated the Magars and
  regained control

7
France

• The Bourgeoisie King, Louis Philippe, was
  overthrown for failing to expand the franchise to
  the working class during the February Revolution
• The June Days Revolution pitted the middle class
  against the working class

8
France continued

• Conservatives, supported by the army, restored
  order
• Louis Napoleon (a conservative) was elected
  president of the Second Republic overwhelmingly

9
Realpolitik after 1848

• Clearly, strong idealism did not meet with
  success in accomplishing liberal and
  nationalistic goals
• After 1850 Realism replaced Romanticism
• Realpolitik was the political outgrowth of
  Realism
• Goals will be achieved in a step-by-step,
  practical, Machiavellian-like manner

10
Results

• Italian Unification
• German Unification
• Hungarian Autonomy
• In France, Louis Napoleon will have to cater to
  loiberals to hang on to power

11
The Failure of the Concert of Europe

• The Great Powers failed to work together in the
  revolutions of 1848
• This undermined their credibility
• Between 1848 and 1878 Peace in Europe will be
  interrupted by the Crimean War and by the
  Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878

12
Causes of the Crimean War

• A dispute between Russian Christians and French
  Christians over priveliges in the Holy Land
  (Palistine) which was part of the Ottoman Empire
• In 1852 the Turks agreed to Napoleon IIIs demand
  that the Turks provide protection for Roman
  Catholic religious orders visiting Palestine

13
The Crimean War continued

• The Russians believed that the Turkish-French
  Agreement jeopardized an existing agreement that
  the Turks had regarding protecting Greek Orthodox
  religious orders in the Holy Land
• Nicholas I ordered Russian troops to occupy
  several Turkish-controlled provinces along the
  Danube

14
Crimean War continued

• Nicholas I claimed that the Russian Troops would
  withdraw once the Turks guananteed rights for the
  Orthodox Christians
• 1853 Turks declared war on Russia when Nicholas
  refused to withdraw his troops

15
Crimean War continued

• 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russia
• Surprising as the Turks were not Christians
• Brit and French terms for Russia were called The
  Four Points

16
The Crimean War continued

• The Four Points
• Russia must renounce claims to occupied provinces
  along the Danube
• Navigation in the mouth of the Danube River on
  the Black Sea should be internationalized
• Russia must renounce its special role of
  protector of the Orthodox Christians within the
  Ottoman Empire
• Russia must withdraw troops

17
Crimean War continued

• 1855 The Piedmont joined in the war against
  Russia
• Then Austria agreed to the 4 Points and gave
  Russia an ultimatum Comply or Austria would
  join the others
• Nicholas I died

18
Crimean War continued

• Alexander II (the new Czar) agreed to the 4
  Points
• The War
• Most was fought on the Crimean Peninsula
• Over 50,000 British and French troops were there
  fighting against the Russians

19
Florence Nightingale 1820-1910

• British nurse who became a pioneer in modern
  nursing
• More men died of disease than wounds from combat
• Nightingales Light Brigade tended to the troops
• However, death due to disease remained high

20
Peace of Paris

• Russia the biggest loser
• No longer in control of maritime trade on lthe
  Danube
• Had to recognize Turkish control of the mouth of
  the Danube
• Had to renounce its claims to Moldavia and
  Wallachia (Romania later)

21
Peace of Paris continued

• Russia renounced its role of protector of the
  Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire
• Russia agreed to return all occupied territories
  to the Ottomans
• Black Sea would be neutral

22
Peace of Paris continued

• All powers recognized and guaranteed the
  independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire

23
The Aftermath

• Russia was shocked that it had fallen so far
  behind in military power
• Began to industrialize
• Began to modernize its army

24
France The Second French Republic 1848-1852

• Constitution Unicameral legislature (National
  Assembly)
• Universal male suffrage
• Strong executive popularly elected

25
Louis Napoleon

• Voters saw him as a symbol of stability and
  greatness
• Was dedicated to law and order, opposed to
  socialism and radicalism and favored the
  conservative classes
• The Church Property owners
• The Army business

26
Louis Napoleon

• Lived much of his life outside of France so
  little political baggage
• His name carried much weight with the vogters
• Needed to make concessions to the conservatives
  in return for their support

27
Louis Napoleons concessions to conservatives

• Falloux Law Control of education returned to
  the Church in exchange for its support
• Minimized the influence of the Legislative
  Assembly
• Supported policies favorable to the Army
• Disenfranchised many poor people
• Closed down labor unions
• Jailed many socialist or democratic leaders

28
The Legislative Assembly was Unhappy

• Legislative Assembly did not grant Louis Napoleon
  payment of his large personal debt
• Nor did they give him an allowance for his second
  term
• Sohe plotted a coup to become emperor

29
The Second Empire

• Louis Napoleon arranged for a coup and took
  control in 1852
• This time he will court the Liberals
• Restored universal male suffrage in 1852
• 92 of the people voted to make his President for
  the next 10 years
• 1853 98 voted to make him hereditary Emperor

30
The Second Empire

• France was the only country in Europe to have
  universal male suffrage
• Back to conservatism
• Strengthened and centralized power
• Wealthy businessmen became the new imperial
  aristocracy
• Censorship of the press
• Government sponsored official candidates in
  elections

31
Then 1859-1870 Liberalism

• His rule will be a model for other political
  leaders in Europe
• Will demonstrate how government could use
  authoritarian nationalism to foster cooperation
  between conservative and popular forces

32
Economic Reforms

• Redeveloped Paris (von Haussmann) and rebuilt
  infrastructure roads, canals, railroads
• Movement toward free trade
• French exports doubled between 1853 and 1864
• Signed a liberal trade agreement with Britain in
  1860
• The first time that any modern state played such
  a direct role in stimulating the economy

33
More Economic Reforms

• Banking Credit Moblier funded industrial and
  infrastructural growth
• Frances metallurgical industry grew big time
• French investors financed projects in Russia,
  Spain, Italy
• Lesseps Co. completed the Suez Canal in 1869

34
Political Reforms

• Extended the power of the Legislative Assembly
• Members were elected by universal male suffrage
  every 6 years
• Opposition candidates had greater freedom
• Returned control of secondary education to the
  state (took control away from the Church)
• In response Pope Pius IX issued the Syllabus of
  Errors condemning Liberalism

35
Political Reforms continued

• 1864 Permitted trade Unions and allowed them to
  strike
• Eased censorship
• Amnesty to political prisoners
• Supported better housing
• Supported credit unions
• Regulated pawn shops

36
Foreign Policy was Napoleon IIIs downfall

• Sent French Troops to rescue and restore Pope
  Pius IX when he was driven out in 1848
• Was supported by conservatives
• Was condemned by liberals
• Involvement in Crimean War
• Angered Republicans and Liberals
• Imperialism in Africa also a divisive factor
• Liberals condemned and conservatives supported

37
Foreign Policy continued

• Many of Napoleon IIIs liberal reforms were
  designed to draw attention away from divisive
  foreign policy
• The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and Napoleon
  IIIs capture will result in the end of the
  Second Empire