Emergence of Modern Europe

1
Emergence of Modern Europe

• Nationalism and Imperialism in the Nineteenth
  Century

2
Overview of Major Topics

• Congress of Vienna (1814 1815)
• Modern Political and Cultural Ideologies
• Mid-Century Revolutionary Movements
• Realpolitik The State Triumphant
• Western Imperialism

3
Congress of Vienna
4
Congress of Vienna

• Historical Context
• Objectives
• Balance of Power
• Avoid Future Wars
• Methods
• Restoration of Monarchy
• Distribution of Land
• Congress System
• Prince Clemons von Metternich - Leader

Prince Clemons von Metternich
5
Approach to Balance of Power

• Great Powers
• Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain
• Added Territory as compensation
• Within Europe
• Colonies

• France
• Restoration of Bourbon Dynasty Territorial
  Boundaries of 1792
• No War Reparations

Congress System Meet to Settle Disputes
6
Important Decisions

• France was deprived of all territory conquered by
  Napoleon
• The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian
  Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the
  Netherlands under the House of Orange.
• Norway and Sweden were joined under a single
  ruler
• Switzerland was declared neutral
• Russia got Finland and effective control over the
  new kingdom of Poland
• Prussia was given much of Saxony and important
  parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province.
• Austria was given back most of the territory it
  had lost and was also given land in Germany and
  Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
• Britain got several strategic colonial
  territories, and they also gained control of the
  seas.
• France was restored under the rule of Louis
  XVIII.
• Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII

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Europe in 1815
8
Significance of Congress of Vienna

• Conservative Response to Revolutions
• No Major Wars until 1914
• Established Foundation for Strong Central State

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Modern Ideologies
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Liberalism

• Twin Concepts
• Equality Liberty
• Economic Liberalism Laissez Faire
• Two Thinkers
• Mill Limits of Personal Liberty
• Bentham Greatest Good for Greatest Number

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Socialism

• French Utopian Socialism - Economic Planning by
  State (National Government)
• Rights of Workers
• Restrict Ownership of Private Property
• Social Justice Housing Needs of Poor
• Marxism Socialism
• Structure of Historical Determinism
• Revolution, Not Planning

Pierre-Joseph ProudhonWhat is Property?
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Nationalism

• Defining Principle
• Peoples had own genius and cultural unity
• Common language, History, Territory
• Political Basis Liberalism
• Extension of Universal Manhood Suffrage
  Government of the People
• People Shared Common Interests
• Advanced in 19th Century by
• Industrialization Urbanization Critical Mass
  of People
• Education
• Imagined Communities Emotionally Charged
  Symbols Ceremonies
• Ambiguous
• Liberal Democratic
• Ideas of National Cultural Superiority

13
Romanticism

• Revolt Against Enlightenment
• Advocated Feeling, Freedom, Natural Goodness
• Expressed in Art, Music, Literature
• Infused into Political Ideals of Democratic
  Revolutions

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Mid Century Revolutionary Movements (1830, 1848)
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Revolutions of 1830 1848

• Causes
• Liberal Radical Response to Conservative Forces
  of Restoration
• Economic Depression Impact of
  Industrialization
• Display of Liberalism, Socialism, Nationalism and
  Romanticism
• Forces Based on Liberalism, Nationalism and
  Socialism
• Coalitions of Have Nots Middle Class
  Merchants and Working Class Artisans and Workers
• Limited to No Gains

• Impact
• National Movements throughout Most of European
  Nations
• Revolutionaries of Have Nots
• Middle Class Merchants
• Working Class Artisans and Skilled/Unskilled
  Workers
• Consequences
• No Immediate Gains Coalitions Did Not Work
• Signaled to State a Need to Meet Demands of
  Revolutionaries
• Surge of Nationalism

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Revolutions in Europe 1830, 1848
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Examples of Change in Great Britain

• Examples of Change Great Britain
• Context Corn Laws of 1815
• Provisions Gave Voice to the People
• House of Commons The Legislative Body
• Redistribution of Representation to Urban,
  Industrialized Areas
• Increased Suffrage by 50 - Extended to Middle
  Class Farmers
• Regulated Working Conditions for Workers
• Impact on Great Britain Escaped Revolution in
  1848

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Examples of Change Austrian Empire -
Nationalism

• Principle Nationalism
• Peoples had own genius and cultural unity
• Common language, History, Territory
• Peoples of Hungary Demanded National Autonomy,
  Full Civil Liberties, Universal Suffrage
• Problem Could Not Gain Unity Among Other Ethnic
  Groups in Eastern Section of Austrian Empire
• Partial Sharing of Political Rule
• Foreshadows Balkan Wars World War I

1815
1848
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Age of Nationalism Realpolitik

• The Making of an Emperor

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Characteristics of Nationalism (1850 1914)

• Realpolitik -
• No Longer Lofty Vision Based on Liberalism
• Hard-Headed Realism Based on Economic, Political,
  and Military Power
• The State is Above All
• Conservative Response to Passions of Liberalism
  Socialism
• Many Masks
• Liberal and Democratic United States
• Flourish in Dictatorial States Conservative,
  Fascists, Communist
• Relationship Between Leader and People By
  Passes Congressional Representation

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Model France

• Authoritarian Nationalism of Louis Napoleon III
  (1848 1871)
• Elected by Universal Manhood Suffrage
• Restricted Rights of Assembly
• Hereditary Emperor
• Leader Served the People
• Managed Economy
• Workers Rights
• Actions Defused Impact of Socialists Liberals

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Model of RealpolitikUnification of Germany

• Series of Small States
• Prussia Most Dominate German Confederation
  1830 Industrialization Trade - Zollverin

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Prussia Unify Germany

• Agenda
• Unify German States with Prussia as Leader
• Decrease Power of Austria in Trade and Influence
• Increase Power of Military
• Double Size of Army
• Higher Taxes for Defense
• Liberal Parliament
• More Control
• Rejected Increase in Military

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Solution Count Otto von Bismarck

• Most Important Figure in German History Between
  Luther Hitler
• Master of Realpolitik
• Pragmatic one must always have two irons in the
  fire..
• Tough The great questions of the day will ..
  be decided .. by blood iron

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Actions A Call To Arms

• Continued to Collect Taxes and Reorganize Army
• Used War Outside Threat To Gain Support of
  Prussian People Two Targets Provoked Austria
  France to Declare War

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Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Reason Scheleswig Holstein
• Objectives
• Shock Awe
• Reduce Power of Austria
• Consequences
• Disbanded German Confederation
• Replaced by North German Confederation Alliance
  with Southern German States
• Shifted Political Control Away from Parliament

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Franco Prussian War (1870 -1871)

• To Unify Germany Southern German States
• Outside Threat France
• France Declared War on Prussia to Teach it a
  Lesson
• Decisive Victory by Unified Northern German
  Confederation (Prussia) and Southern German
  States
• Creation of German Empire

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Creation of the German Empire
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The Spoils of Victory

• Terms of the Peace Harsh
• Pay 5 billion francs
• Cede Alsace Lorraine
• Humiliated France
• Creation of German Empire
• In this painting, King William I and his
  Chancellor Otto von Bismarck celebrate the
  creation of the German Empire
• Hall of Mirrors, the Palace of Versailles