Unification of Italy

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Unification of Italy
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• Introduction
• Central Europe was composed of hundreds of
  different kingdoms from the Middle Ages until the
  19th Century
• In the 1800s, both Italy and Germany will become
  unified nations
• both will be led by the American, French, and
  Industrial Revolutions

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• Unification of Italy
• 1815 Italy did not exist
• The peninsula was divided into many different,
  independent states
• Some states were ruled by foreign powers
• Many in Italy did not speak the same dialect of
  Italian
• Poor trade and transportation did not allow goods
  or people to flow in Italy

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Early Attempts

• Risorgimento the name given to the movement for
  Italian unity
• The word means resurgence or revival
• The most effective speaker of the movement was
  Giuseppe Mazzini
• He was a native of Genoa
• 1831 he founded Young Italya secret society
  devoted to transforming Italy into a unified
  nation
• He wanted to create a nation-state in Italy

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• January 1848 a revolution occurs in Sicily,
  supported by Mazzini
• Large uprisings took place in Italy after people
  heard the news of revolution in France and
  Austria
• The Italians were trying to drive the Austrian
  rulers out of Lombardy and Venetia2 Italian
  areas controlled by Austria
• The king of SardiniaCharles Albertjoined with
  the other Italians to help drive out the
  Austrians
• Other Italian states soon joined inNaples,
  Tuscany, and the Papal States

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• April 1848 The Italian forces had almost driven
  the Austrians out of Lombardy and Venetia
• The Pope (Pius IX) decided the pull his troops
  out of the conflicthe was against fighting
  another Catholic nationAustria
• After Pius removed his troops, so did Naples and
  Tuscany
• Charles Albert (Sardinia) was left to fight
  against Austria alone
• Austria quickly defeated Charles Albert and held
  on to Lombardy and Venetia
• Italian Nationalists were mad and outraged at the
  Pope

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• November 1848 Italian Nationalists attack the
  Pope in Rome
• the Pope is forced to flee for his life
• The Nationalists make Rome into a Republic
• Giuseppe Mazzini is made head of the Roman
  Republic
• Many Catholic nations are made at the Italian
  nationalists for attacking the Pope
• Franceled by Louis Napoleonsent troops to help
  restore the Popes power
• French troops overpowered Mazzinis Republic and
  restored the Popes power
• The Italian Nationalists lost confidence in
  Mazzini
• The Nationalists turned to Charles Albert and
  Sardinia to lead their unification hopes

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Giuseppe Mazzini
Louis Napoleon
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Count Camillo di Cavour

• 1849 Charles Albert died
• His sonVictor Emmanuel IIbecomes king of
  Sardinia
• Victor will try to keep the nationalists hopes
  alive
• Victor will get lots of help from one of his
  advisorsCount Camillo di Cavour

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Count Camillo di Cavour
Victor Emmanuel II
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• By 1854Cavour had control over the Council of
  Ministers in Sardinialike Parliament
• He promoted
• Industrial growth
• The reduction in the Catholic Churchs power
• National unity

• Cavour realized the only way that Italy could get
  rid of Austrian control in Lombardy and Venetia
  was to get help from an outside nation
• To get this help, he supported France and Great
  Britain in the Crimean War
• 1854 Sardinia sent forces to aid the French and
  British
• Participation in the war allowed Sardinia into
  the Congress of Paris the meetings that drew up
  the peace after the war

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War with Austria

• 1858 Cavour met with Napoleon IIILouis
  Napoleonof France
• Cavour was seeking the help he wanted from
  France
• Napoleon III promised to give Sardinia help in a
  war with Austria
• In return for his help, Sardinia agreed to give
  Napoleon III the provinces of Savoy and Nice if
  they were successful in driving out the Austrians
• Now that he had help, Cavour forced Austria to
  declare war on Sardinia
• Cavour encouraged the people of Lombardy to
  revolt against their Austrian rulers

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• April 1859 Austria declares war on Sardinia
• Napoleon sent 120,000 French troops
• French and Sardinian troops defeat the Austrians
  at Magenta and Solferino in June 1859
• Although a victory, the French suffered heavy
  losses
• Napoleon feared he would lose public support in
  France if he kept fighting in the war
• Napoleon III pulled all of his troops out of the
  war effort in July 1859 without telling Cavour
• Napoleon III signed a treaty with the emperor of
  Austria (Francis Joseph)

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• Fighting did not stop
• 1859 1860 people in Tuscany, Parma, Modena,
  and the Papal States continued to fight and
  overthrew their governments
• The new governments in these states wanted to
  join with Sardinia
• To get Napoleon III to allow these areas to join
  with Sardinia, Cavour gives Savoy and Nice to
  France
• April 1860 Victor Emmanuel accepted Tuscany,
  Parma, Modena, and the Papal States into his
  kingdom

• The treaty stipulated
• 1.) Lombardy would be given to Sardinia
• 2.) Austria would still control Venetia
• Cavour did not like the terms of the treaty and
  urged Victor Emmanuel to keep fighting
• Victor refused to keep fighting, believing he
  could not win without Frances help

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Garibaldi and the South

• The southern parts of Italy were isolated from
  the revolutions
• When the king of the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies
  died, the Italian nationalists prepared for
  revolution in the south
• The leader of the southern nationalists was
  Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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• Garibaldi was a member of Mazzinis Young Italy
• 1830 Garibaldi was forced to leave Italy
• He traveled to South America and fought in the
  South America revolutions
• While in South America, he learned guerrilla
  warfare
• 1848 Garibaldi returned to Italy and was part
  of Mazzinis Roman Republic
• 1849 he fled Italy and went to the United
  States
• 1860 he returned when he believed southern
  Italy was ready for revolutionthe king of the
  Kindgdom of 2 Sicilies died

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• 1860 Garibaldi 1st goes to Genoa to collect
  volunteers
• He then set out for Sicily
• At 1st, his troops met with defeat
• Garibaldi rallied his troops to eventually
  control the island of Sicily
• After taking the island of Sicily, Garibaldi and
  his troops moved to the mainland of Sicily
• He began marching toward Naples
• Garibaldis red shirts were able to take Naples

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• Count Cavour becomes very nervous about
  Garibaldis success in the south
• Cavour questioned Garibaldis political ambitions
• To keep Garibaldi from moving any further north,
  Cavour sent Sardinian troops into the Papal
  Statesa buffer against Garibaldi
• Sept. 1860 the Sardinian army defeated the
  Papal army at Castelfidero
• The victory ensured that Cavour would be in
  control of unification in Italy
• Oct 1860 voters in Southern Italy supported
  union with Sardinia
• Garibaldi surrendered everything he had taken
  over to Victor Emmanuel
• 1861 Everything except for Rome and Venetia
  were united under one government
• Victory Emmanuel II was made king of the
  constitutional monarchy in Italy

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Creating a New Nation

• Cavour died only 3 months after Sardinia had
  taken over most of Italy
• Italy still faced problems as a new nation
• Cultural and economic divisions between northern
  and southern Italy
• 1.) South
• Poor, agricultural
• 2.) North
• Developing industry

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• Sardinia tried to force its laws on the other
  states
• The other states began to resent Sardinia
• Eventually the Italian government took steps to
  help unify the people
• Created a unified military
• Created a national education system
• Built railroads

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• The people began to argue over where the
  countrys capital should be
• Most people wanted Rome to be the capital
• One problem Rome was still controlled by the
  Pope who was being protected by French soldiers
• If the Italians were going to try to get Rome,
  why not try to get Venetia from Austria, too

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• 1866 Italy allies with Prussia in a War with
  Austriathe Seven Weeks War
• Prussia promised to give Venetia to Italy if they
  defeated Austria in the war
• Italy actually gets defeated by Austria, but
  Prussia defeated Austria
• Prussia lived up to their promise and gave the
  area of Venetia to Italy

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• 1870 War breaks out between France and
  PrussiaFranco-Prussian War
• Napoleon III is forced to remove his troops
  protecting the Pope
• He needed those troops to help him fight against
  Prussia
• Italian troops entered Rome and took the Popes
  territory
• 1871 Victor Emmanuel II moved the capital from
  Florence to Rome
• Italy was finally unified

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Unification of Germany
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Intro

• Germany was the last of the great European
  nations to unify
• 1815 Germany was a collection of 39 loosely
  independent states
• Austria and Prussia were the most powerful states
  in the loose confederation
• Austria and Prussia were also rivals

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• Germany was economically and industrially
  dividedmaking the area weak
• Two other activities made the area weak
• 1.) Reformation
• 2.) Thirty Years War
• By 1871 Germany was unified without the
  inclusion of Austria and Switzerland

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Steps Toward Unity

• 1815 the Congress of Vienna established the
  German Confederation
• The German Confederation was created as a buffer
  to French expansion
• Germany was already beginning to take steps at
  unification by establishing closer economic ties
  between the states

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• The German Confederation was loosely tied
  together with a dietcouncilat Frankfurt,
  Austria
• Austria dominated the German Confederation
• Austrias position as the head of the diet always
  brought the state into conflict with Prussiathe
  other powerful German state

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• Austria and many of the smaller German states did
  not want German unification!!!
• Austria was afraid of the economic competition
  that unification would causethey did not want to
  lose their economic dominance
• The smaller states were afraid of Prussiathe
  largest German State

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• Prussia was the largest of the German
  Confederation states
• Prussia had a very well organized government
• Prussia had a very strong economythis point
  scared Austria
• Junkersaristocratic landownersheld all
  political power in Prussia

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• The business classes in the German Confederation
  were clamoring for more political power
• 1834 the Junkers in Prussia called for a
  Zollvereinan economic union
• The Zollverein was a way to reduce trade barriers
  among the different states of the German
  Confederation
• The Zollverein reduced tariffs and trade barriers
  between the states, creating lower prices and
  more uniform prices
• The Zollverein also created a standardized
  currency, a standard set of weights and measures,
  and strengthened the business classes in the
  German Confederation
• the creation of the Zollverein helped Prussia
  gain a lot of political influence in the German
  Confederation

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Rise of Bismarck

• 1861 William I becomes king of Prussia after
  his brotherFrederick William IVdied
• William believed that by developing a very strong
  military, Prussia could establish its position of
  leadership in the German Confederation
• William wanted to expand the Prussian military

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• There was one thing standing in the way of
  Williams expanding the Prussian military
• German nationalists were afraid that the Junkers
  would control the military
• German nationalists in the Prussian Assembly
  voted against new taxes that would have raised
  money for the military
• William I was outraged by this defeat in the
  Prussian Assembly
• William answered this defeat by appointing a new
  Prime Minister in PrussiaOtto von Bismarck
• Bismarck had the same ideas as William

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Otto von Bismarck
William I
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• Bismarck
• He was a Junker
• He had served in the Prussian Assembly
• He had been an ambassador to France and Russia
• He believed in the idea of realpolitik
• Realpolitikthe right of the state to pursue its
  own advantage by any means, including war and the
  repudiation of treaties
• September 1862 Bismarck went against the
  Prussian Assembly and began collecting his own
  taxes to build the larger Prussian military

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Three Wars

• Bismarck had no real problems about going to war
• Show me an objective worthy of war and I will go
  along with you.--Bismarck
• Bismarck had 3 goals as the Prussian Prime
  Minister
• 1.) raise for military expansion
• 2.) use the military to make Austria weak
• 3.) unify all of Germany without the inclusion
  of Austria and Switzerland
• To accomplish all 3 of his goals, Bismarck will
  go to war 3 times

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• 1.) Danish War
• The Danish king had inherited the territories of
  Schleswig and Holstein
• Schleswig was part German and Danish
• Holstein was all German
• 1863 the Danish king made Schleswig into a
  Danish province
• this act caused the Germans in both Schleswig and
  Holstein to ask the German Confederation for help
  in becoming free from Danish control

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• 1864 to keep the Danish from taking Schleswig,
  Bismarck got Austria to join with Prussia in a
  war against Denmark
• The two rivals actually will work together
• Prussia and Austria quickly won the war against
  Denmark
• Denmark was forced out of the 2 provinces of
  Schleswig and Holstein

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• Prussia and Austria made an agreement about the
  provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
• A.) Prussia took control of Schleswig
• B.) Austria took control of Holstein
• This agreement put further stress on the strained
  relationship between Austria and Prussia
• This stress was exactly what Bismarck wanted

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• The Danish War accomplished 2 goals for Bismarck
• A.) Europe saw the power of Prussia
• B.) The tensions with Austria after the war gave
  Bismarck an excuse to go to war with Austria

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• 2.) Seven Weeks War
• Bismarck began preparing for war with Austria
  even before the Danish War had begun
• Bismarck wanted to strip Austria of her allies
  before ever going to war with Austria
• A.) 1863 he gained Russias support by
  offering the czar aid against Polish rebels
• B.) he offered France compensations for being
  neutral if a war broke out between Austria and
  Prussia
• C.) he made an alliance with Italy supporting
  Italys claim to Venetia

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• When Austria sided with the Duke of Augustenburg,
  Bismarck gained a lot of public support with his
  claims against Austria
• The Duke of Augustenburg claimed to control both
  Schleswig and Holstein
• To keep an alliance from forming between the Duke
  and Austria, Bismarck ordered Prussian troops to
  go into Austrian controlled Holstein
• An attempt to get Austria to act

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• Austria demanded that the German Confederation
  take action against Prussia for Prussias taking
  of Holstein
• This caused Bismarck to declare war on
  Austriaexactly what Bismarck had wanted all
  along

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• June 15, 1866 The Seven Weeks War officially
  began
• 7 weeks later, the war was over
• Prussia quickly defeated Austria
• Prussia received Holstein
• Prussia will give Venetia to Italy
• The treaty ending the war called for a new
  organization of Germany without the participation
  of Austria

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• 1867 this new organization was createdNorth
  German Confederation
• In this newly formed confederation, each state
  could care for its own domestic affairs
• Foreign policy in the confederation would be
  handled by Prussia
• Bismarck had not quite united Germany, but he was
  close

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• 3 Franco-Prussian War
• The states in Southern Germanymostly Catholic
  stateswere not part of the newly formed North
  German Confederation
• Most of these states were afraid of Protestant
  Prussias strong military
• These southern states will have to choose whether
  or not to join with Prussia
• The Franco-Prussian war will help these states
  make their choice

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• The real threat to complete German unification
  was not the southern states, but France
• Napoleon III would not accept German unification
  unless France received some territorythe
  compensation that France was promised for
  staying neutral in the Seven Weeks War
• Bismarck NEVER intended on giving France
  anything, thus he decided to go to war with France

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• Bismarck knew he could not invade France without
  the support of the public in Prussia
• Bismarck decided to lure France into a war with
  Prussia
• Luckily for Bismarck, history fell right into
  place for him

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• 1868 a revolution occurred in Spain, taking the
  Spanish Queen off of the throne
• The Spanish throne was offered to Prince Leopold
  of Hohenzollern
• He was not Spanish, but German
• Leopold was the Catholic cousin to King William I
  of Prussia
• Napoleon III feared a Spanish-German alliance
• the alliance would place France in the middle of
  the 2 nations

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• July 1870 Napoleon III sent a telegram to
  William I asking William to convince his cousin
  not to take the Spanish throne
• William was on vacation at a resort in Ems
• William sent the telegram to Bismarck, knowing
  Bismarck could find a use for the telegram
• Bismarck altered the telegram and had the altered
  telegram published in nearly every European
  newspaper
• Napoleon III read the altered telegram and was
  outraged at what Bismarck had done
• Napoleon III quickly declared war on
  Prussiaexactly what Bismarck had planned!

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• July 19, 1870 the Franco-Prussian War began
• The southern German states decided to join with
  Prussia against France
• France was quickly defeated in only 6 weeks
• Bismarck gained lots of support from all of the
  German states to create a unified Germany under
  Prussian control

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Formation of an Empire

• January 8, 1871 William I took the title of
  Kaiser (emperor) of the newly united Germany
• Bismarck became Williams chancellor
• The new empire united 25 German states into one
  federal union
• Each state kept its own ruler and diplomatic
  staff
• The Kaiser was the head of national government
• The Kaiser had certain powers
• Make appointments
• Command the military
• Determined foreign policy

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• A unified Germany was finally established,
  without the inclusion of Austrian and Switzerland
• Just as Bismarck had wanted all along

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Bismarcks Realm
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Introduction

• Victory on the battlefield brought Germany
  political unification, but the people were not
  United
• There were religious, economic, social and
  political divisions still in Germany
• Bismarck attempted to fix many of the problems in
  the newly formed Germany

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Bismarck and the Church

• Bismarcks 1st challenge came from the Catholic
  Church
• Kulturkampfcultural struggle between Church and
  State
• Catholics in Germany feared the Protestant
  Prussians who united Germany
• the Catholics created their own political
  partyThe Center Party

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• Bismarck saw Catholicism as an anti-national
  force
• he did not like Catholics
• He was also annoyed at the popularity of the
  Center Party
• 1870-he became worried about a proclamation
  handed down by the Catholic Church that said the
  Pope and his decisions were free from errorPapal
  Infallibility

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• Bismarck, also, disliked the Jesuits
• he saw the Jesuits as papal agents working to
  destroy the Germany Empire
• 1872Bismarck kicked the Jesuits out of Germany
• 1873Bismarck persuaded the German legislature to
  pass the May Laws
• the May Laws took powers away from Catholic
  Bishops in Germany, going as far as saying that
  weddings had to be performed by secular
  officialsnot Church officials

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• most of what Bismarck did to weaken the Church
  failedit only made more people move over to the
  Center Party

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Industry

• Before unification, Germany was not that
  industrialized
• Bismarck wanted to make Germany into an
  industrial power
• He encouraged efforts to expand Germanys
  industry
• After unification, investment capital flowed into
  Germany from Great Britain, France, and Belgium
• The helped to modernize Germanys production
  and factories

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• Development of deep pit coal mining along the
  Rhine River and the creation of new coal mines in
  the Saar made coal cheap in Germany
• cheap coal meant cheap fuel for the growing
  German factories

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• German workers faced low wages and poor
  conditionsthey wanted a change
• 1863Ferdinand Lassalle created the German
  Workingmens Association
• the organization sought to make changes in
  Germany to better conditions for workersa
  socialist organization

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Bismarck and the Socialists

• Bismarck did not like the socialistshe thought
  they were out to change or destroy the newly
  created German Empire
• Bismarck really wanted to destroy any socialist
  movement in Germanyto keep the empire safe

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• To destroy the socialists, Bismarck set out to
  destroy the socialists organization
• Bismarck got his opportunity when a former
  socialist attempted to assassinate William I
• Bismarck tried to push a bill through the German
  Legislature that would ban all socialist activity
  in Germany

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• Unfortunately for Bismarck, the Legislature did
  not pass his bill
• Bismarck reacted by dissolving the Legislature
  and held new elections
• the new Legislature passed the antisocialist bill
  in 1878
• the law banned all socialist meetings and
  publications, but did not ban the socialist party
• the law was not very successful

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• because of the laws lack of success, Bismarck
  began to show that he could help improve
  conditions for workers
• He directed the passage of several laws that gave
  workers security and comfort
• 1.) 1883Sickness Insurance Law
• gave limited compensation to workers who missed
  work because of an illness
• 2.) 1889Old Age Insurance Law
• the law protected industrial workers in
  retirement

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• the socialist party still remained very popular
  even though Bismarck was trying to get rid of it

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Fall of Bismarck

• 1888Kaiser William I died at the age of 91
• Williams sonCrown Prince Fredericktook the
  throne and became Frederick III
• Frederick was a liberal
• Frederick and Bismarck did not get along

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A young Frederick III
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• Frederick only ruled for about 100 days before he
  died
• Fredericks sonWilliam IItook the throne in
  1888.
• William was 29 years old and full of ideas and
  energy

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Kaiser William II
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• Bismarck could always get his way under William
  Ihe would threaten to resign if William I would
  not give Bismarck his way
• William II would not play the game
• When Bismarck threatened to resign over an issued
  the William II would not give in to, William
  accepted Bismarcks resignation (1890)
• Bismarcks bluff did not work with William II

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• Bismarck did create a very strong and powerful
  Germany
• by 1913, Germanys standing army was over 800,000
  soldiers and the most powerful in the world
• Bismarck had helped to create a very powerful
  empire

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Empire of the Czars--Russia
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Introduction

• early 1800sRussia stretched from Europe to the
  Pacific Ocean.
• more than 60 nationalities existed
• over 100 different languages were spoken in
  Russia
• serfdom still existed
• the economy was based on agriculture
• very little industry had developed in Russia

79

• the government in Russia was an Autocracya
  government in which one person rules with
  absolute authority
• the government had not really changed since the
  days of Peter the Great

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Autocracy on the Defense

• 1.) Alexander I (1801-1825)
• czar Alexander wanted to improve Russias system
  of government
• the Napoleonic wars, however, convinced Alexander
  that change could be dangerous
• the Russian officers who fought against Napoleon
  were impressed by the reforms they saw in Western
  Europe and wanted to implement these same reforms
  in Russia

• many officers joined in secret societies to
  discuss the need for reform in Russia
• --these officers stayed quiet until Alexanders
  death in 1825

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• December 1825 the officers led a revolt against
  the government after Alexander diedDecembrist
  Revolt
• the Decembrist revolt was quickly crushed
• the revolt did serve to inspire later
  revolutionaries in Russia
• unfortunately, the uprisings caused the new
  CzarNicholas Ito make the autocracy stronger
  and set out to crush all of his opposition

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Alexander I
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• 2.) Nicholas I (1825-1855)
• Nicholas I gave the secret police more
  powerunlimited power to arrest and imprison
  people without trial
• he also censored the press
• even though he tried to crush liberal ideas,
  demands for reform in Russian still persisted

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Czar Nicholas I
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• 3.) Alexander II (1855-1881) and Reforms
• Alexander witnessed Russias humiliating defeat
  in the Crimean war
• the loss illustrated that Russia was lagging
  behind the other European powers
• Alexander realized that Russias reliance on serf
  labor made the nation backwards
• for Russian to progress, Russian needed to
  industrialize
• for Russia to develop industry, Russian needed a
  labor force however, that labor force was tied
  up farmingthe serfs
• the serfs could not move from the land
  therefore, Russia could not develop industry

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Czar Alexander II
87

• to provide labor for industry, the serfs needed
  to be freed
• March 3, 1861 Alexander freed the serfs
• although free, the serfs received no individual
  land
• instead, the serf villages (mirs) were given
  land, but the serfs had to pay 50-year mortgages
  on the land
• the peasants could not leave the mirs until the
  land was paid for therefore, the serfs
  (peasants) were still tied to the land
• slowly, the serfs were able to move away from the
  rural areas and into the cities

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• freeing the serfs also changed the local
  governments
• 1864 a new law changed the local governments in
  Russia
• Zemstvoslocally elected assembliestook charge
  of provincial matters such as education and
  health care
• 3 groups could vote in Zemstvo elections
• nobility
• wealthy townspeople
• peasants

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• Terror and Reaction
• not all people were in favor of Alexanders II
  reforms
• the most vocal critics of Alexanders government
  were intellectuals and students from the upper
  and middle classes

90

• 1870smany reformers became active in a movement
  called Populism
• the Populists believed that the peasants would
  lead a revolution, overthrow the czar, and create
  a socialist society
• groups of college students would travel to the
  peasant communities to convince the peasants
  that they needed to rebel
• the peasants were too busy struggling to survive
  and suspicious of the young students
• the peasants turned the students over to the
  police

91

• since the Populists could not get the peasants to
  revolt, the Populistsand other
  revolutionariesturned violent
• starting in 1866, many revolutionaries attempted
  to assassinate Alexander II
• Alexander was deeply bothered by the attacks
• Alexander drafted a plan to create a National
  Assemblygiving more power to the people
• Alexander never got the chance to propose his
  plan to the people
• 1881Alexander was killed by an exploding bomb
• his sonAlexander IIIvowed to crush all
  revolutionary movements in Russia

92

• 4.) Alexander III (1881-1894)
• Alexander III set out to reverse all of his
  fathers reforms
• he abolished autonomy in schools
• he censored the press
• gave the secret police even more power

93

• he then instituted russificationan attempt to
  make all of the people of the empire Russianto
  unite all of the provinces
• russification turned into an attack on all the
  non-Russians in the empire
• anyone who questioned the Czars authority, spoke
  a language other than Russian, or followed a
  religion other than Eastern Orthodoxy risked
  being persecuted

94

• Alexander encouraged the pogromsorganized
  massacres of Jews and Jewish Communities
• 1894Alexander III died and his sonNicholas
  IIbecame Czar
• many expected Nicholas to be more liberal than
  his father however, Nicholas will continue his
  fathers rigid government

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• 5.) Nicholas II (1894-1917abdication)
• by the early 1900s, several revolutionary groups
  in Russia were following the teachings of Karl
  Marx
• these groups believed the working classnot the
  peasantswould lead revolution

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Czar Nicholas II
97

• Mensheviks
• Mensheviks believed that Russian needed to
  develop into an industrial state with a large
  working class before a socialist revolution could
  occur

• Bolsheviks
• the Bolsheviksa more radical groupwas led by
  Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (also known as Lenin)
• the Bolsheviks believed that a small party of
  professional revolutionaries could use force and
  bring about a socialist society in the very near
  future

98

• the Socialist groups gained more popularity when
  Russian went to war with Japan in
  1904Russo-Japanese War
• Russia and Japan were fighting over land in
  Manchuria
• Russia was quickly and easily defeated in the war
• the Russo-Japanese War strained the Russian
  Economy causing food prices to increase while the
  peoples wages stayed low

99

• because of the economic problems, many people
  began to protest
• Sunday, January 22, 1905200,000 workers marched
  in a peaceful procession to the czars palace at
  St. Petersburg asking for reform
• palace soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing
  hundreds of protestors
• this date is known as Bloody Sunday
• riots broke out all over Russia as a result of
  the massacre

100

• Spring 1905 the 1st sovietsworkers
  councilsformed to voice the workers demands
• October 1905 angry workers took control of the
  major cities in a general strikewhen workers in
  all industries go on strike
• violence erupted in the cities and the rural areas

101

• Nicholas II reacted by announcing a law providing
  for the election of a National AssemblyThe Duma
• he was giving in to the demands of his people
• Nicholas also issued the October Manifestogiving
  civil rights to citizens and allowing the Duma to
  make laws

102
Austria-Hungary
103
Introduction

• Austria was very much like Russiait lacked a
  true national and geographical unity
• Austria was still very feudal at the beginning of
  the 1800s
• powerful nobles controlled a very large peasant
  population
• the Austrian government was also very much
  against revolution and used strict censorship and
  arrests to curtail any revolutionary movement

104
Revolution of 1848

• the revolutionary movement that began in France
  in 1848 spread to Austria
• nationalist groups demanded freedom of speech and
  the press, relief for the peasants, and they
  wanted a representative government
• the Austrian empire seemed on the verge
  dissolution

105

• politics worsened, causing the Austrian
  emperorFrancis Ferdinandto resign
• his nephewFrancis Josephtook the throne in
  October of 1848
• Francis Joseph was only 18 when he assumed the
  Austrian throne
• Francis Joseph moved very quickly to restore
  order in Austria
• he ruled for 68-years however, he constantly
  struggled to keep power in Austria
• he did lose a lot of the Austrian empire during
  his rule
• 1859he lost Lombardy to Italy
• 1866he lost Venetia to Italy

106
Francis Joseph
107
Dual Monarchy

• the real threats to Francis Josephs authority
  came from the Magyars of Hungary, part of the
  Austrian Empire
• after Austria was defeated in the Seven Weeks
  War, Austria sought to make a compromise with
  Hungary, and Hungary agreed to preserve its own
  national existence

108

• 1867, Austria and Hungary finally reach an
  agreementAusgleich (Compromise of 1867)
• the compromise restored Hungarys independence
  and divided the Austrian empire into a dual
  monarchythe empire of Austrian and the kingdom
  of Hungary
• Francis Joseph, however, still remained in
  control of both areas
• he was still emperor of Austrian, and the
  Hungarians made him king of Hungary

109

• Austria and Hungary were dependent on each other
  economically
• Austria was industrialized and supplied
  manufactured goods for the dual monarchy
• Hungary was agricultural and supplied the food
  for the dual monarchy

110

• after the creation of the dual monarchy,
  Austrias production of coal, iron, steel, and
  manufactured goods grew very rapidly
• Bohemia and Moravia became the leading industrial
  centers in Austria

111
Powder Keg in the Balkans

• by the mid-1800s, the Ottoman empire had become
  very weak and started to slowly lose much of its
  land
• 1829 Greece became independent
• by 1850, the Ottomans had lost the provinces of
  Moldavia and Wallachia to Russia and Algeria to
  France
• Egypt, Arabia, and the Balkan states of Serbia
  and Montenegro had gained autonomy

112

• the rest of Europe watched the slow fall of the
  Ottoman empire very closely
• Austria wanted to expand into the Balkan region,
  partly still held by the Ottomans
• During the Crimean War (1854-1856), France and
  Great Britain fought against Russias advances in
  to the weakening Ottoman empire

113

• 1877 Russia went to war on the behalf of the
  Slavic people living in the Balkans
• the result was the Russo-Turkish War
• Russia used the war to justify its expansion into
  the Balkans
• Russia emerged victorious in the conflict
• in 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano was drafted,
  officially ending the war
• the Treaty of San Stefano created a large,
  Russian controlled Bulgarian state

114

• Great Britain was not happy about Russias new
  acquisition
• other European nations also began to protest the
  outcome of the Treaty of San Stefano
• as a result, a congress of European leaders met
  in Berlin to revise the Treaty of San
  Stefanothis became known as the Congress of
  Berlin

115

• the Congress of Berlin divided Bulgaria into 3
  parts
• one part belonged to the Ottomans
• Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania gained their
  complete independence
• Great Britain gained control of Cyprus and
  Austria-Hungary got the Balkan provinces of
  Bosnia and Herzegovina

116

• The Congress of Berlin did not make many people
  happy
• Russia lost everything that it had gained in the
  Russo-Turkish War
• the Ottomans lost a lot of their European lands
• the Congress dealt with the Balkan states
  inequitablysome gained independence, while
  others remained controlled by the Ottomans, Great
  Britain, or Austria-Hungary
• this unequal treatment will cause a lot of
  conflict in the Balkans

117

• by 1912, the Balkan states had joined forces to
  free the Ottoman held Balkan lands
• the free Balkan states formed the Balkan
  LeagueBulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro

118

• 1912 the Balkan League declared war on Turkey
  (the Ottoman Turks)
• the Balkan League defeated the Turks, causing the
  Ottomans to lose nearly all of their European
  holdings

119

• the victory over the Ottomans caused the Balkan
  League to fight with itself over the newly
  acquired land
• Serbia and Bulgaria disagreed over the treaty
  that divided up the new lands
• June 1913 Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia
• July 1913 Romania, Turkey (Ottoman Turks), and
  Montenegro had joined with Greece and Serbia
  against Bulgaria
• Bulgaria is defeated
• the Treaty of Bucharest took away a lot of the
  land that Bulgaria had won in the war against the
  Ottomans

120

• the Treaty of Bucharest did not bring a lasting
  peace to the Balkans
• Serbia had emerged very powerful
• Serbias power encouraged nationalism among the
  Slavs in Austria-Hungary
• these Slavs did not want to live in
  Austria-Hungary because they had no power or
  rights, even though the Slavs made up the
  majority of Austria-Hungarys population
• these Slavs wanted to join with Serbia
• this desire to be with Serbia will cause World
  War I