An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871

1
Chapter 22

• An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 -
  1871

2
The France of Napoleon III

• Louis Napoleon Toward the Second Empire
• Seized the government December 1851 when the
  National Assembly rejected his desire to stand
  for reelection
• Universal male suffrage
• Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852
• The Second Napoleonic Empire
• Authoritarian government
• Legislative Corps
• Economic prosperity
• Reconstruction of Paris
• Broad streets
• Limited freedom
• Opposition

3

• Foreign policy Crimean War
• The Ottoman Empire
• Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
• Encroachment of the Russian Empire
• Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox
  Christians
• The War
• Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853
• Britain and France declare war on Russia, March
  28, 1854
• British fear of Russian control of the Dardanelle
• France felt Russians had insulted them
• Destroys the Concert of Europe
• War ends in 1856
• Political effects of the war

4
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
5
The Crimean War
6
National Unification Italy and Germany

• Unification of Italy
• Kingdom of Savoy
• Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878
• Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
• Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
• War with Austria, 1859
• Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860
• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
• Kingdom of Italy, 1861
• Annexation of Venetia, 1866
• Annexation of Rome, 1870

7
The Unification of Italy
8

• Unification of Germany
• Zollverein
• New constitution, 1848
• William I, 1861-1888
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Realpolitik
• Reorganization of the army
• The Danish War (1864)
• Schleswig and Holstein
• Joint administration with Austria
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Austrian defeat at Königgrätz, July 3, 1866
• North German Confederation
• Military agreements with Prussia

9
The Unification of Germany
10

• Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
• Throne of Spain
• Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
• French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
• Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
• Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
• Peace treaty indemnity of 5 billion francs
  (about 1 billion) surrender of Alsace and
  Lorraine
• William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of
  the Second German Empire
• Nation Building and Reform The National State in
  Mid-Century
• The Austrian Empire Toward a Dual Monarchy
• Francis Joseph, 1848-1916
• Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
• Dual monarchy
• German and Magyars dominate minorities
• Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
• commonalities

11
Europe in 1871
12
Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy
13

• Imperial Russia
• Alexander II, 1855-1881
• Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
• Zemstvos (local assemblies)
• Alexander Herzen (1812-1870), populism
• Alexander III
• Great Britain The Victorian Age
• Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
• Henry John Temple, Lord Palmerston (1784-1865)
• Whig without strong party loyalty
• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
• Conservative
• Extension of voting rights
• Reform Act, 1867
• William Gladstone (1809-1898)
• Liberal
• Reforms

14

• The United States Civil War and Reunion
• Population growth, North and South
• Cotton economy in the South
• 93 produced by slave labor by 1850
• 4 million slaves by 1860
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Election of Abraham Lincoln, November 1860
• Secession of South Carolina, December 20,1860
• Civil War, 1861-1865
• 600,000 soldiers died
• Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863
• Emergence of the Canadian Nation
• Rebellion, 1837
• Canadian nation established by Parliament, 1867

15
The United States The West and Civil War
16

• Industrialization and the Marxist Response
• Industrialization on the Continent
• Mechanization of cotton and textile industry
• Railroads stimulate iron and coal industries
• Iron industry modernized
• Elimination of barriers to international trade
• Joint-stock investment banks
• Government allows and encourages
• Weak trade unions

17

• Marx and Marxism
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
  (1820-1895), Communist Manifesto, 1848
• Wage slavery
• Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in
  England, 1844
• Bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Classless society
• Marx, Das Kapital
• Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
• A New Age of Science
• Dmitri Mendeleyev atomic weights
• Michael Faraday generator

18

• Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic
  Evolution
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• H.M.S. Beagle
• On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
• The Descent of Man, 1871
• Revolution in Health Care
• Louis Pasteur (1822-95), bacteriology
• Joseph Lister (1827-1912), antiseptics
• Training of doctors
• New Public Health Measures
• Medical associations
• Women in Medicine
• Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
• Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

19

• Science and the Study of Society
• Auguste Comte (1787-1857), System of Positive
  Philosophy
• Positive knowledge
• Math foundation on which the physical sciences
  built
• Sociology
• Realism in Literature and Art
• The Realistic Novel
• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857
• William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848
• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• Realism in Art
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Portrayal of everyday life
• Jean-François Millet (1814-1875)
• Scenes from rural life

20

• Music The Twilight of Romanticism
• New German School -- emotional
• Franz Liszt (1811-1886) piano
• Richard Wagner (1813-1883) national opera
• Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work)
• The Ring of the Nibelung