I.%20Nationalism%20

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I. Nationalism the Unification of Germany
Italy
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B. Nationalism Liberalism

• Until 1860s nationalism associated w/ liberalism
  
• After Social Revolutions of 1848 conservative
  political leaders built national identity
  through
• public education
• universal military service
• colonial conquests

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A. Nationalism before 1871

• 1. Language usually created national unity, but
• language citizenship rarely coincided
• redraw boundaries of states to accommodate
  culture?

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C. The Unification of Italy (18601870)

• By mid-19th c. popular sentiment for unification
• opposed by Pope Austria
• Austrians pushed out of n. Italy

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• united Kingdom of Italy (1860)
• headed by Victor Emmanuel

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D. The Unification of Germany
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German Unification

• Until 1860s German-speaking people split into
• 39 smaller states
• western half of Austrian Empire
• Prussia
• 2. Prussia took lead in German unity movement
• had a strong industrial base
• modern army equipped latest military technology

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E. Otto von Bismarck

• During reign of Kaiser Wilhelm I (r. 186188),
  Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck achieved
  final unification of Germany through
• Diplomacy (Realpolitik)
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria, Italy

Wilhelm I
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When Wilhelm I of Prussia became Kaiser of
Germany... the Second Reich began.
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Bismarcks Eisen und Blut (Iron Blood)
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F. Nationalism after 1871

• After Franco-Prussian War all politicians
  manipulated public opinion to bolster their
  governments
• Used the press public education in order to
  foster nationalistic loyalties
• Nationalism used to justify imposition of
  majority language, religion, or customs
• Russians Russify its diverse ethnic populations

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1. Thesis Writing Exercise

• Describe the role of nationalism (both liberal
  conservative) in the creation of Germany before
  after 1871.

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G. Justification of Imperial Conquest

• 1. Herbert Spencer (18201903) took up Charles
  Darwins ideas of natural selection
• - applied to human societies
• - Social Darwinism
• - justified European conquest as survival of
  the fittest

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II. The Great Powers of Europe, 18711900
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A. Germany at the Center of Europe

• Under Bismarck, international relations revolved
  around Germany isolating France
• Domestically, Germany used populism to
• gain popular support
• develop a strong sense of national unity
• Kaiser Wilhelm II (r. 18881918) placed emphasis
  on acquiring colonies

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The Liberal Powers

• France
• now a 2nd-rate power in Europe
• slower rate of industrialization
• Great Britain
• stable government
• enormously expensive empire
• Eastern Problem of Ottomans
• ignored Germany while preoccupied w/ Russia

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C. Problems in Russia

• Ethnic diversity in Russia
• spread of Russian nationalism language divisive
• riots targeting Jews pogroms
• Tsar Alexander II (1861) emancipated serfs
• but serfs turned into communal farmers
• Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War (19041905)

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a constitution parliament (Duma)
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2. Thesis Writing Exercise

• If the German, British, French peoples were
  strengthened by the forces of nationalism, why
  did nationalism weaken Russia Austria-Hungary?

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II. New Technologies the World Economy
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A. Railroads

• 1850-1900 railroads in
• Britain France
• Germany Canada
• Russia Japan
• United States

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B. Steamships

• Technological developments increased size speed
  of ocean-going vessels
• use of iron steel for hulls
• propellers
• efficient engines

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C. Telegraph Cables

• system of submarine telegraph cables developed

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D. Steel

1. inventions 18th-19th C. allowed production of
   large quantities of steel at low cost

Illinois Steel Works in Joliet
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Blue Steel
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E. The Chemical Industry

• 1800s brought large-scale manufacture of
• chemicals
• synthetic dyes
• PLASTICS!
• 2. Germany govt-funded research universities
  working w/ industries
• German chemical explosives industries most
  advanced

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F. Electricity

• Electricity used to power
• lamps, streetcars, subways,
• electric motors
• created huge demand for copper

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G. World Trade Freight

• 1850-1913
• world trade expanded x10
• cost of freight dropped 50-95
• Growth of trade between industrial economies
• Western Europe N. America prospered

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H. Non-Industrial Areas

• Undeveloped regions
• dependant on the export of raw materials
• 2. Until WW I, exports from tropical regions
  high...

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1. Thesis Writing Exercise

• What types of technologies changed over time,
  allowing European powers to build global empires?

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II. Population Changes
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A. Population Migration

• 1850-1914 European population explosion
• Emigration from Europe to
• U.S. Canada
• Australia New Zealand
• Argentina
• 3. European descent in world 1/5 to 1/3

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Total of Emigrants 1820-1920
Country of Emigrants Total
Germany 5,500,000
Ireland 4,400,000
Italy 4,190,000
Russia 3,250,000
England 1,500,000
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1820-1879
1880-1919
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B. Why the increase?

• decrease in death rate
• improved crop yields
• grain from N. America
• year-round diet from canning refrigeration
• urbanization

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2. Thesis Writing Exercise

• What were the leading causes of population
  growth during the late 1800s?

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III. Middle-Class Women

• The Separate Sphere

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A. The Victorian Age

• 1. during reign of Queen Victoria (18371901)
• ideology of family structure
• rules of behavior between men women
• men women thought to belong in separate
  spheres
• - men in workplace, women at home

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Queen Victoria
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A womans work is never done

• pre-electrical appliances middle-class home
  demanded lots of work
• - 19th-c. tech eliminated some tasks
• primary duty childbearing raise a family
• 3. Gender discrimination women excluded from
  most jobs
• - lack of opportunities pushed many women to
  volunteer
• activities or join the suffrage
  movement

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3. Thesis Writing Exercise

• Describe some of the changes and continuities
  experienced by women during the 1800s.

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IV. Socialism Labor Movements
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A. Socialism

• 1. Intellectual movement started by
• - Karl Marx (181883) Friedrich Engels
  (182095)
• - both wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)

Karl Marx
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The Ideas of Marx

• Marx saw history as a social class war between
• - capitalists (bourgeoisie) workers
  (proletariat)

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TODAYChina, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, North Korea
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4. Thesis Writing Exercise

• What were some of the social and economic
  conditions during the 1800s that led to the rise
  of Socialism Communism?