NOTES

1
Unit VII
NOTES
2
Europe at mid-century (ca. 1850)

• Industrialism continues to grow and spread
• Second Industrial Revolution brings more rapid
  change
• Rapid urbanization brings new social problems
• Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 changes
  attitudes about reform and revolution trend
  toward democracy
• Middle Class joins the system of the status quo
  works for votes and control through elections
• Radical movements (socialism, Communism,
  anarchism) continue polarize mellow and/or more
  violent
• Nationalism continues to grow becoming more
  conservative or practical Liberals and
  Conservatives unify on support for nationalism
• Emergence of Realpolitik (Era 1850World War I)
• Unification movements in Italy and Germany taken
  over by pragmatic, non-romantics achieved, ca.
  1870
• Balance of power stable (to be upset by
  unification of Germany and Italy)
• Transformed peasantry Serfdom exists only in
  Russia

3
The (Second) Industrial Revolution

• Invention of cheap steel (Bessemer process)
• Discovery and development of electricity as a
  source of power dynamo, generator, electric
  lighting, etc.
• Discovery and development of petroleum as a
  source of power gasoline, kerosene, etc.
• Electronic communication Telegraph, telephone,
  radio (wireless), etc.
• Invention of internal combustion engine and the
  automobile
• Invention of the airplane

4
Second Industrial Revolution

• 1856-70 Investors protected by Joint Stock
  Company laws
• 1857 Bessemer process for making steel
• 1869 Suez Canal opens
• 1873 Major economic recession
• 1876 Invention of the telephone by Bell
• 1879 Edison perfects the electric light bulb
• 1881 First electric power plant built in Britain
• 1886 Internal combustion engine invented by
  Daimler Daimler and Benz build first
  automobile
• 1895 Marconi invents wireless telegraphy
• 1890s Petroleum becomes major source of fuel
• 1903 First airplane flight by Wright brothers
• 1904 Panama Canal begun (14)
• 1909 Ford uses assembly line to manufacture first
  Model T

5
(1) Workhouses to be built in every parish or in
unions of small parishes(2) No able-bodied
person to receive money or other help from the
Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse (3)
Conditions in workhouses to be very harsh to
discourage people from wanting to receive
help(4) Taxpayers in each parish to elect a
Board of Guardians to supervise the workhouse, to
collect the Poor Tax and to send reports to the
Central Poor Law Commission (5) The 3-man
Central Poor Law Commission appointed by the
government and responsible for supervising the
Act throughout the country.
POOR LAW OF 1834
6
Medical Progress

• 1796 Jenner introduces smallpox vaccine
• 1842 First surgery performed using ether
• 1848 First successful appendectomy
• 1854-1858 Great cholera epidemics in London and
  the Great Stink
• 1864 Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization
• 1865 Lister performs first antiseptic surgery
  Pasteur demonstrates airborne microbes cause
  fermentation leading to germ theory
• 1876 Koch discovers anthrax bacillus
• 1878 Koch discovers micro-organisms cause
  infection
• 1882 Koch discovers micro-organisms cause
  tuberculosis
• 1884 Koch discovers micro-organisms cause
  cholera
• 1885 Pasteur creates rabies vaccine
• 1886 First use of steam to sterilize surgical
  instruments
• 1894 Discovery of the plague bacillus
• 1895 Discovery of x-rays
• 1898 Discovery of malaria bacillus

7
Theories of Disease

• Demonic Theory (pre-history)
• Cause Demons within the body
• Cure Driving out the demons
• Miasmatic Theory (Middle Ages)
• Cause Bad surrounding air
• Cure Avoidance of the air changing the air
  stopping the emission of the air
• Humouristic Theory (4th century B.C.)
• Cause Imbalance of the four bodily humours
• Cure Remove bodily fluids by bleeding or purging
  to allow fluids to rebuild in balance
• Germ or Pathogenic Theory (19th century)
• Cause Micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses) enter
  the body
• Cure Kill or otherwise eliminate the
  micro-organisms make the body immune to the
  organisms (vaccination)

8
Comptes LAW OF THREE STAGESFrom the study of
the development of human intelligence, the
discovery arises of a fundamental law that each
branch of our knowledge passes successively
through 3 different theoretical conditions the
Theological, or fictitious the Metaphysical, or
abstract and the Scientific, or
positive.Auguste Compte, Positive Philosophy
9
Social Darwinism (Spencerism) The view of life
based on Darwins biological observations which
justified the opposition to any social reform on
the basis that social reform interfered with the
operation of the natural law of the survival of
the fittest, using the phrase to describe the
improvement of society through laissez faire
policies and cut-throat competition.
10
Literary Realism and Naturalism
Movement in literature and the arts of the late
nineteenth-century that united Romantic
individualism with social determinism and sought
to highlight the ills of society. Influenced
strongly by scientific discoveries, it held that
heredity and environment largely determined the
human condition.
11
Realpolitik Pronunciation rA-'äl-"pO-li-"tEk
Function noun Usage often capitalized
Etymology German, from real actual Politik
politics Definition Politics based on
practical and material factors rather than on
theoretical or ethical objectives. Time
Mid-19th century to World War I and . . . .
Examples of practitioners Napoleon III, Emperor
of France Camilo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister
of Piedmont-Sardinia/Italy Otto von Bismarck,
Chancellor of Prussia/Germany
12
The Programme of Napoleon IIIThe Liberal
Empire 1852-1870

• Protect Catholicism
• Rebuild Paris as the model city of the Industrial
  Age
• Economy Build up industry and provide jobs
• Rebuild pride in French military
• Expand the French Empire
• Gain prestige in Foreign Affairs
• Become the diplomatic leader of Europe

13
The Rise and Fall of Napoleon III

• 1848 Elected President of Second Republic
• 1849 French troops restore Pius IX in Rome
• 1851 Napoleon takes power in military coup detat
• 1852 Plebiscite proclaims Second Empire Napoleon
  III
• 1853 Haussmann begins re-design of Paris
• 1853-56 Crimean War
• 1856 Hosts Paris Conference ending Crimean War
• 1859 Alliance with Piedmont drives Austria from
  Lombardy France gains Nice and Savoy
• 1859 Suez Canal begun completed 1869
• 1860 Colonization of Indo-China
  begun1861 Maximilian becomes Emperor of Mexico
  with French support
• 1866 France fails to gain during Austro-Prussian
  War
• 1867 French withdraw from Mexico
• 1870 Defeated in Franco-Prussian War resigns

14
Final steps to Italian Unification

• 1855 Piedmont-Sardinia enters Crimean War
• 1856 Cavour makes Italian unification issue at
  Paris Peace Conference
• 1858 Treaty of Plombières France will aid
  Piedmont- Sardinia against Austria in exchange
  for Nice and Savoy
• 1859 War Piedmont-Sardinia and France against
  Austria conquers Lombardy France gets Nice and
  Savoy, Piedmont-Sardinia gets Lombardy
• 1860 Garibaldi and Red Shirts land in Sicily,
  conquer southern Italy
• 1861 Kingdom of Italy declared Cavour dies
  Naples and Sicily become part of Italy
• 1866 Italy allies with Prussia in Seven Weeks
  War Venetia ceded to Italy by Austria
• 1870 Franco-Prussian War France withdraws troops
  from Rome Italy annexes Rome Pope protests
  Prisoner of the Vatican

15
Italy and Germany Phases of Unification

• Pre-1800 Fragmentation Broken into
  small sovereign states
• 1800-1810 Napoleons conquests ousts old rulers
  Empire organized re-doing boundaries
• 1810-1815 Rising Nationalism across Europe in
  opposing Napoleon helps bring his defeat
• 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna restores old rulers
  and attempts to halt Nationalism and
  Liberalism
• 1815-1848 Liberals, Romanticists, intellectuals,
  students, and others lead Nationalist
  Movement
• 1819-1849 Revolutions fail to bring unification
• 1850-1860 Rise of new, pragmatic leadership
• 1860-1870 Realpolitik Final unification through
  compromise, diplomacy, and war

16
Prussia Obstacles to German Unification
DOMESTIC BARRIERS
Desire of states to remain sovereign
Industrial profits increase cooperationZollverein
War unifies them for self defense
GREAT POWERS
Russia
No interference in Poland
Britain
No desire to expand colonies
Austria
Defeated in 7 Weeks War
France
Defeated in Franco-Prussian War
17
Final steps to German Unification

• 1862 Bismarck becomes Chancellor of Prussia
• 1863 Increases power of Chancellor Reduces power
  of Reichstag
• 1864 Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark in war
  over Schleswig-Holstein
• 1866 Seven Weeks War / Austro-Prussian War
• 1867 North German Confederation formed
• 1870 Crisis Hohenzollern nominated as King of
  Spain Ems Telegram published
• 1870 France declares war on Prussia 4 southern
  German states join Prussia
• 1870 France defeated at Sedan Napoleon III
  captured
• 1870 Third Republic of France proclaimed
• 1871 France surrenders German Empire proclaimed
  Kaiser William I crowned at Versailles

18
Consequences of theFranco-Prussian War

• German states unified under Prussian monarchy as
  the German Empire
• Frances Second Empire ended in defeat
• France established the Third Republic
• Final unification of Italy with the addition of
  Rome and the Papal States
• Uprising and defeat of Paris Commune
• Loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany leaves France
  bitter and wanting revenge
• Balance of power upset Germany dominates Central
  Europe
• Germany united, nationalist, militarist,
  industrializing rapidly, ambitious

19
autocracyPronunciation o-'tä-kr-sEFunction
noun Plural -ciesDate 16551. government in
which one person possesses unlimited power2. the
authority or rule of an autocrat3. a community
or state governed by autocracy
20
Reforms of Alexander II

• Pardoned the Decembrist rebels
• Abolished serfdom
• Loaned money to peasant villages to buy land
• Organized new form of local government
• Relaxed censorship
• Abolished corporal punishment
• Instituted trial by jury
• Lowered the use of capital punishment
• Sponsored industrial growth
• Began building railroad to the Black Sea
• Reformed judiciary and law code
• Reduced military service 30 years to 25

21
Emancipation Decree, 1861
From Decree to Revolution

• Created landless peasants from land-bound serfs?
• Many landless peasants moved to cities ?
• Discontent increased in the cities ?
• Control of the provinces taken away from the
  landowners?
• Created need for new form of local government ?
• New local governments kept power in the hands of
  the wealthy ?
• System offered no outlet for discontent?
• Alexander II, the Reformer, assassinated 1881 ?
• Following Tsars turned reactionary, anti-reform ?
• Revolution of 1905 gains were undone Duma was
  only advisory Membership of Duma was changed

22
Slavophiles
The Pendulum of Russia
Westerners

• Russia has a European base and connection
• Russia can copy and outdo Europe
• Favored by Intellectual Elite
• Favored by Merchants, Businessmen
• Favored by Progressives, Young
• Progressive, reforming Tsars

• Russia is unique like no other country
• Russia is its own example and sets its own pace
• Favored by Russian Orthodox Church
• Favored by Military
• Favored by Boyars
• Favored by Peasants
• Conservative, reactionary Tsars

23
Russia on the Road to Revolution

• 1855 Alexander II becomes Tsar
• 1856 Russia defeated in Crimean War
• 1861 Emancipation of the Serfs
• 1863 Suppression of revolt in Poland
• 1864 Reorganization of local government and
  reform of judicial system
• 1874 Military enlistment reduced (25 years ? 6
  years)
• 1879 Formation of The Peoples Will
• 1881 Assassination of Alexander II
  Alexander III reverses reforms
• 1894 Nicholas II becomes Tsar
• 1904 War with Japan begins
• 1905 Bloody Sunday revolt Surrender to
  Japan Loss of concessions in Korea

24
The Progress in Womens Rights

• 1857 English divorce law revised
• 1865 University of Zurich admits women
• 1869 Mill The Subjection of Women
• 1878 University of London admits women
• 1882 Married Womens Property Act in Britain
• 1894 Germany Union of Womens Organization
• 1901 France Natl Council of Women
• 1903 Britain Womens Social and Political
  Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst
• 1907 Norway grants women the vote
• 1910 British suffragettes adopt radical tactics
• 1914-18 World War I 17 nations pass womens
  suffrage
• 1918 British women over 30 get vote Germany
  grants women the vote
• 1922 France defeats bill giving women the vote
• 1928 Britain grants all women the vote

25
Womens Rights and the Great WarWomens Suffrage
through 1920

• Pre-war ( before 1914) New Zealand, Australia,
  Norway
• 1915 Denmark, Iceland
• 1917 Netherlands, Russia, Canada
• 1918 Britain, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Hungary,
  Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Czechoslovakia, China
• 1919 Luxembourg, India, British East Africa,
  Rhodesia
• 1920 United States
• European nations still without womens suffrage
  France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium,
  Switzerland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Turkey

26
France 3rd Republic to WWI

• 1870 Third Republic established
• 1871 Paris Commune crushed
• 1873 Last German Troops withdrawn Frances pay
  1 billion to Germany
• 1875 Republican constitution adopted
• 1889 Boulanger scandal
• 1894 Alliance with Russia signed
• Panama Canal company fails
• Dreyfus Affair begins
• 1904 Entente-Cordiale with Britain
• 1905 Separation of Church and State
• 1906 Dreyfus pardoned and released
• 1907 Triple Entente signed
• 1914 World War I begins

27
Britain moving toward Democracy

• 1867 Second Reform Act extends suffrage
• 1869 Disestablishment of Church of Ireland
• 1870 Education Act and 1st Irish Land Act
• 1871 Purchase of army commissions abolished
• 1872 Ballot Act instituted the secret ballot
• 1875 Public Health and Artisan Dwelling acts
• 1881 2nd Irish Land Act and Irish Coercion Act
• 1884 Third Reform Act extends suffrage
• 1885 Fourth Reform Act passed Gladstone supports
  Irish home rule
• 1903 3rd Irish Land Act
• 1909 Peoples Budget proposed
• 1911 House of Lords loses veto power
• 1912 Irish Home Rule passed (after being twice
  defeated)
• 1914 Irish Home Rule suspended due to World War I

28
Major Assassinations before WWI

• 1881 Tsar Alexander II of Russia
• 1881 President James Garfield of US
• 1894 President Sadi Carnot of Italy
• 1895 PM Stambulov of Bulgaria
• 1898 Empress Elizabeth of Austria
• 1900 King Umberto I of Italy
• 1901 President William McKinley of US
• 1903 King Alexander I of Serbia
• 1908 King Carlos I of Portugal
• 1911 Russian PM Peter Stolypin
• 1913 King George I of Greece
• 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria