Nationalist Revolutions

1
Nationalist Revolutions

• Chapter Eight

2
Political Philosophies

• Conservative
• Protected the traditional monarchies of Europe
• Usually wealthy and/or nobility
• Liberal
• Wanted to give more power to parliament
• Wanted educated and landowners to vote
• Middle class merchants and business owners
• Radical
• Favored drastic change for democracy for all
• Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas

3
Nationalism

• What is nationalism?
• The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to
  a nation of people who share a common culture
  history
• What was the effect of nationalism?
• Tore apart centuries-old empires
• Gave rise to the nation-state
• Opposed by conservatives

4
Types of Nationalism

• Unification
• Merges culturally similar lands
• Separation
• Splits off culturally distinct groups
• State-building
• Binds separate cultures into one

5
Nationalism Causes SeparationThe Ottoman Empire
6
Nationalism Causes SeparationThe Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens
  empire
• Controls parts of present day Turkey, Greece,
  Bulgaria, Romania, and others
• Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all
  ethnicities
• Conservative Turks got angry led to many ethnic
  problems

7
Nationalism Causes SeparationThe Ottoman Empire

• Battle of Navarino (1827)
• British, French, Russian fleet destroyed the
  Ottomans
• Greece gained independence
• Ottoman Empire ultimately falls soon after World
  War I

8
The Russian Empire
9
The Russian Empire

• Nationalism Shakes an Empire
• Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities
  with different cultures
• Used the policy of Russification
• Forcing Russian culture on all peoples
• Actually strengthened ethnic cultures

10
Russian History

• By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized
• Society and economy based on the feudal system
• By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom
  must end
• Problem was the czar did not want to free them
• It would anger the landowners
• Czar needed support from landowners to stay in
  power

11
The Crimean War (1853-1856)

• Russia vs. Ottoman Empire
• Russia lost the war
• Industries transportation system failed to
  provide adequate supplies for the troops
• Proved that Russia needed to modernize

12
Reform in Russia

• Czar Alexander II
• Committed to social and economic reforms
• Freed the serfs in 1861 (Edict of Emancipation)
• Was assassinated in 1881
• Political and social reforms stopped

13
Reform in Russia

• Czar Alexander III
• Tightened government control over country
• Encouraged industrial development using
  nationalism

14
The Russian Empire Falls

• The Russian Empire would eventually fall due to
  major problems during World War I
• Russian Revolution of 1917
• Result would be the creation of the Soviet Union

15
The Austrian Empire
16
Nationalism Shakes an Aging Empire

• The Austrian Empire
• Included people from many ethnic groups
• Lost to Prussia in a war in 1866
• Results
• Split Austria Hungary into independent states
• Both ruled by emperor Francis Joseph
• Called the Dual Monarchy
• New Empire was Austria-Hungary

17
Views of Nationalism

• The Unification of Italy and Germany
• Italy
• Nationalists use their common bond to build
  nation-states
• Germany
• Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

18
(No Transcript)
19
Nationalism The Unification of Italy

• Italian Unification
• Italy forms from crumbling empires
• 1815-1848 Italians want independence from foreign
  rulers
• Especially Austria

20
Nationalism The Unification of Italy

• Northern Italian Unification
• Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Kingdom of
  Sardinia (1852)
• Gets French help to win control of
  Austrian-controlled Italian land
• Other northern kingdoms supported unification
  with Sardinia

21
Nationalism The Unification of Italy

• Southern Italian Unification
• Led by Guiseppe Garibaldi
• Known as the Red Shirts for their attire during
  battle
• Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy
• Many in southern Italy supported and followed
  Garibaldi

22
Italian Unification

• Other important people for unification
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Politician
• Journalist
• Activist
• Known as the Soul of Italy

23
Nationalism The Unification of Italy

• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern
  Italy and Sardinia
• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia
  to rule
• 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of
  Italy
• A Constitutional Monarchy is formed
• Control of Venetia, Papal States completes
  unification (1870)

24
Unification is Complete
25
The Unification of Germany

• Beginning in 1815
• 39 German states formed the German Confederation
• Austria controlled the Confederation
• Prussia
• Mainly German population
• Very powerful army
• Creation of liberal constitution

26
The German Confederation
27
The Unification of Germany

• Prussia controlled by the Junkers
• Conservative wealthy landowners
• Supported Prussian leader Wilhelm I
• Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862)
• Junker realpolitik master
• Power politics without room for idealism
• Based on the needs of the state
• Used military force to achieve political gain

28
Otto von Bismarck
Kaiser Wilhelm I
29
The Unification of Germany

• Prussia Expands
• Prussia Austria fight Denmark, gain two
  provinces
• Quick victory makes other German nations respect
  Prussia
• Seven Weeks war
• Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to
  provoke war
• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
  Germany
• Eastern western parts of Prussian kingdom
  joined for first time

30
The Seven Weeks War
31
The Unification of Germany

• The Franco-Prussian War
• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all
  Germans
• Manufactured a political incident
• Causes the French to declare war on Prussia
• Prussia defeats France
• Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser emperor of a united
  Germany at Versailles
• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian
  dominance

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
A Shift in Power

• Balance of Power is Lost
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five
  powers in Europe
• Austria
• Russia
• Prussia
• Britain
• France
• By 1871, Britain Prussia (now Germany) have
  gained much power
• Austria Russia are weaker militarily
  economically

35
(No Transcript)
36
END