Critics of Capitalism

1
Critics of Capitalism

• Utopian Socialism
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• New Lanark, 1799-1824
• New Harmony, 1824-8
• Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1832-4

2
Critics of Capitalism

• Utopian Socialists, cont.
• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
• Phalanstery or phalanx
• Claude Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Charles Fourier
3
Marx and Engels

• The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• Materialist dialectic
• Bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Theory of class struggle

Karl Marx (1818-1883)
4
Revolutions of 1848
5
The Rise of Mass Politics The Legalization of
Trade Unions, 1790-1917
6
The Rise of Mass Politics, 1870-1920 The
Franchise
7
The Rise of Mass Politics Working-Class
Political Parties

• German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875
• Federation of the Socialist Workers Party(1879)
  French Workers Party (1883) S.F.I.0., 1905
• Labour Party (U.K.), 1901

8
LInternationale (1871)

• We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled
  amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth
  henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from
  the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the
  ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But
  now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in
  a brighter day.
• CHORUS
• No saviour from on high deliversNo trust we have
  in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains
  must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere
  the thieves will out with their booty And to all
  give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his
  dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot.

• Arise ye starving workers from your
  slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in
  revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of
  cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile
  masses arise, arise!We'll change from now
  on the old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win
  the prize.
• CHORUS
• Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let
  us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race.
  (repeat).

9
The Rise of Mass Politics Radical Movements of
the Left and Right

• Anarchism
• Michael Bakunin (1814-1876) Destruction is a
  creative passion.
• Syndicalism
• Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
• Racism
• H.S. Chamberlain (1855-1927)

Michael Bakunin
10
Romanticism J.-A.-D. Ingres
Odalisque
Louis-François Bertin (1766-1841)1832
11
Romanticism J.M.W. Turner
Procession of Boats with Distant Smoke, Venice
circa 1845
12
J.M.W. Turner
A Wreck, with Fishing Boats circa 1840-5
13
J.M.W. Turner
Sunrise with Sea Monsters circa 1845
14
Realism after the Revolutions
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans (1849)
15
The Age of Nationalism, 1850-?

• Expressions of Nationalism
• Language
• Symbols
• Culture
• Nationalism State-building

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading The People, 1830
16
Languages and Nationalism in the 19th Century
17
Symbols of Nationalism, I
18
Symbols of Nationalism, II
19
Nationalism and Music
Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901
Franz Liszt, 1811-1886
Va, pensiero from Nabucco (1842)
Hungarian Rhapsody No. 12 (1853)
20
Va, Pensiero from Nabucco

• Va, pensiero, sull'ali dorate Go, my thoughts
  on golden wings
• Va, ti posa sui clivi, sui colli Go, settle on
  the slopes, the hills
• Ove olezzano tepide e molli, Where, soft and
  warm, the sweet breezes
• L'aure dolici del suolo natal! Of our native
  land are fragrant!
• Del Giordano le rive saluta, Greet the banks of
  the Jordan,
• Di Sionne le torri atterrate. And, Zions razed
  towers.
• Oh, mia patrie si bella e perduta! Oh, my country
  so lovely and lost!
• Oh, Membrenza si cara e fatal! Oh remembrances,
  so dear and ill-fated!
• Arpa d'or del fatidici vati, Golden harp of the
  prophetic bards,
• Perché muta dal salice pendi? Why do you
  hang mute on the willows?
• Le memorie nel petto raccendi, Re-kindle the
  memories in our breasts,
• Chi favella del tempo che fu! Speak to us of the
  times of yore!
• O simile di Solima ai fati Just as for the cruel
  fate of Jerusalem,
• Traggi un suono di crudo lamento, Intone a strain
  of bitter lamentation,
• O t'ispiri il Signore un concento Otherwise, let
  the Lord inspire you with
• Che ne infonda al patire virtu! With a melody to
  give us strength to suffer!

21
LInternationale (1871)

• We peasants, artisans and others,Enrolled
  amongst the sons of toilLet's claim the earth
  henceforth for brothersDrive the indolent from
  the soil.On our flesh for too long has fed the
  ravenWe've too long been the vultures prey.But
  now farewell to spirit craven The dawn brings in
  a brighter day.
• CHORUS
• No saviour from on high deliversNo trust we have
  in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains
  must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fear.Ere
  the thieves will out with their booty And to all
  give a happier lot.Each at his forge must do his
  dutyAnd strike the iron while its hot.

• Arise ye starving workers from your
  slumbersArise ye criminals of wantFor reason in
  revolt now thundersand at last ends the age of
  cant.Now away with all your superstitionsServile
  masses arise, arise!We'll change from now on
• the old conditionsAnd spurn the dust to win the
  prize.
• CHORUS
• Then come comrades rallyAnd the last fight let
  us faceThe InternationaleUnites the human race.
  (repeat).

22
Nationalism and State-Building Italy

• Il Risorgimento, 1859-70
• Camilio di Cavour, Prime Minister of
  Piedmont-Sardinia (1852-61)
• King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1861-78)
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

23
Bismarck and German Unification, I Background

• Holy Roman Empire, 962-1806
• Confederation of the Rhine, 1806-1815
• German Confederation, 1815-1866
• Zollverein, 1834
• Frankfurt Parliament, 1848

Franz von Lehnbach, Otto von Bismarck, 1879.
German Historical Museum, Berlin.
24
Bismarck and German Unification, II Realpolitik

• Wars of Unification
• Danish War, 1864
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1

Decree establishing Paris Commune, 1871
25
German Unification, 1862-71
26
Constitution of the 2nd Reich
Signature of Otto von Bismarck
27
Problems of Unification

• Kulturkampf, 1871-1878
• Anti-Socialist Laws, 1878-1890
• The State as Provider
• Accident Insurance
• Disability Insurance
• Old Age Insurance

SPD Banner, 1863
28
Germanys Drive to World Power

• Kaiser Wilhelm II (r.1888-1918)
• Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
• The New Course
• A Place in the Sun
• The Navy Plan
• The Schlieffen Plan

Krupp Naval Armaments Production, Essen, 1906.
German Historical Museum, Berlin
29
The Schlieffen Plan
30
The Scramble for Africa, 1890-1914
31
Imperialism in Asia, 1894-1914
32
Anglo-German Arms Race
HMS Marlborough. WWI Document Archive.
German cruiser, ca. 1918. German Historical
Museum, Berlin
33
International Arms Production, 1890-1914
34
Imperialism and World Crisis

• Conflicts
• 1st Moroccan Crisis, 1905
• The Bosnian Crisis, 1908-1909
• 2nd Moroccan Crisis, 1911
• 1st Balkan War, 1912
• 2nd Balkan War, 1913

35
The Alliance System
36
Austria-Hungary

• 1867 Creation of Dual Monarchy under Emperor
  Franz Joseph
• Population
• 50 Million People
• 11 Nationalities

37
The Balkans Central Europe

• 1389-1878 Ottoman rule
• 1908 Austro-Hungarian annexation of
  Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Creation of Narodna Odbrana (National Defense)
  and Black Hand
• 1912-13 Serbian victories in Balkan Wars

38
The July Crisis, 1914

• June 28 Assassination of Archduke Francis
  Ferdinand
• July 5-6 The Blank Check
• July 23 Austrian 48- Hour Ultimatum
• July 28 Austrian declaration of war with Serbia
• August 1 German declaration of war with Russia

Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
39
Austrian Ultimatum Reply

• To suppress any publication which incites to
  hatred and contempt of the Monarchy . . .
• To dissolve immediately the society styled
  Narodna Odbrana . . and to proceed in the same
  manner against the other societies . . which
  engage in propaganda against Austria
• To eliminate without delay from public
  instruction in Serbia, both as regards the
  teaching body and the methods of instruction, all
  that serves or might serve to foment the
  propaganda against Austria-Hungary
• To remove from the military service and the
  administration in general all officers guilty of
  propaganda against Austria--names to be given
  over by the Austrian govt.
• To accept the collaboration in Serbia of organs
  of A-H govt. in the suppression of the
  subversive movement directed against the
  territorial integrity of the Monarchy
• To take judicial proceedings against the
  accessories to the plot of 28 June who are on
  Serbian territory Organs delegated by A-H will
  take part in the investigations relating thereto
• To proceed without delay to the arrest of two
  named persons implicated according to the
  preliminary investigation undertaken by Austria
• To prevent by effective measures the cooperation
  of Serbia in the illicit traffic in arms and
  explosives across the frontier . . . .
• To furnish Austria with explanations regarding
  the unjustifiable utterances of high Serbian
  officials both in Serbia and abroad, who . .
  .have not hesitated since the outrage of 28 June
  to express themselves . .in terms of hostility
  towards Austria
• To notify Austria without delay of the
  execution of these measures . .

• Serbia will introduce . . a provision into the
  press law providing for the most severe
  punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt
  of the A-H Monarchy . . .
• The Serbian govt. possesses no proof . . that
  the Narodna Odbrana and other similar societies
  have committed up to the present any criminal act
  of this nature . . Nevertheless, Serbia will .
  . dissolve the Narodna Obrana and every other
  society which . . .
• Serbia will eliminate without delay from public
  instruction . . everything that serves or might
  serve to foment the propaganda against A-H,
  whenever Austria furnish them with facts and
  proofs . .
• Serbia also agree to remove from the military
  service all such persons as the judicial inquiry
  may have proved to be guilty of acts directed
  against the integrity of the territory of A-H,
  and they expect Austria to communicate . .the
  names and acts of these officers for the purpose
  of the proceedings which are to be taken against
  them
• The Serbian govt. does not clearly grasp the
  meaning or the scope of the demand . . that
  Serbia shall undertake to accept the
  collaboration of the representatives of A-H,
  but they declare that they will admit such
  collaboration as agrees with the principle of
  international law, with criminal procedure, and
  with good neighborly relations
• . . . As regards the participation in this
  inquiry which Serbia intends to hold of
  Austro-Hungarian agents.......... Serbia cannot
  accept such an arrangement, as it would be a
  violation of the Constitution . . .
• states it has not yet been possible to arrest
  one of the persons named request proofs of guilt
  from Austria
• agrees to reinforce measures against illegal
  trafficking of arms and explosives across the
  frontier with Bosnia-Herzegovine
• offers explanations of anti-Austrian comments by
  Serb officials if Austria sends examples of their
  actually having been made
• Serbia will duly notify the measures taken, but
  if Austria is not satisfied with the reply the
  Serbian government . . are ready . . to accept a
  pacific understanding, either by referring this
  question to the decision of the International
  Tribunal of the Hague i.e., the World Court, or
  to the Great Powers . .

40
World War I Begins

• August 1 German Declaration of War on Russia
• August 2-3 German invasion of Luxembourg and
  Belgium
• August 3 German declaration of War on France
• August 4 British declaration of war with Germany

Belgian Refugees, 1914
41
The Western Front
Animated Map of the Western Front
42
Stalemate, 1914

• 1st Battle of the Marne, September 1914
• French German Losses
• 400,000 dead
• 600,000 wounded
• Trench Warfare

Somme Trenches, 1916
43
The Birth of Propaganda

• Belgian Atrocities
• Propaganda Posters
• Censorship and misinformation
• Songs
• Its A Long Way to Tipperary
• Youre a Grand Old Flag
• Over There

44
Out of Stalemate?

• Nationalisms
• Lawrence of Arabia
• Balfour Declaration
• Irish Independence
• British Naval Blockade
• Submarine Warfare

German submarine U-14
45
European Fronts, 1914-18
46
U.S. Propaganda Posters
47
British Propaganda Posters, 1
48
Propaganda Posters, 2
49
Propaganda Posters, 3
50
Second Year of the War, 1915

• Gallipoli Campaign
• 55,000 killed
• Battle of Neuve Chapelle
• 1,000 yds
• - 13,000 casualties
• Battle of Artois-Champagne
• 565,000 German French killed or wounded
• Eastern Front
• 1,792,000 Russian killed or wounded
• Sinking of the Lusitania

Imperial soldiers come ashore at Gallipoli
51
Third Year of the War, 1916

• Battle of Verdun
• 970,000 French German casualties
• Easter Rising
• Battle of the Somme
• 400,000 French German casualties
• Restricted submarine warfare

Remains of a town near the Verdun battlefield
52
Fourth Year of the War, 1917

• Battle of Passchendale
• 400,000 casualties
• US entry
• Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare (31
  January)
• Cessation of US-German diplomatic relations (3
  February)
• 1st Russian Revolution (15 March)
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Declaration of War (6 April

The Zimmerman Telegram
53
Zimmerman Telegram
54
Russian Revolutions

• 1905 Revolution
• Russo-Japanese War
• Father Gapon
• Duma (National Assembly)
• February Revolution, 1917
• Abdication of the Tsar
• Dual Power (soviets)
• Alexander Kerensky
• Gen. Kornilovs Coup

Tsars abdication letter, 1917
55
The Bolshevik Revolution

• The Bolsheviks
• Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
• Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)
• Storming of the Winter Palace

Lenin
56
The Wars End, 1918

• The 14 Points (January)
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March)
• German Spring Offensive (March-July)
• Armistice with Turkey (October)
• Austro-Hungarian Armistice (3 November)

Remains of Cathedral at St. Quentin, France
57
The November Revolution, 1918

• Naval Mutinies (3-5 Nov)
• Räte Movement
• Bavarian Republic (7 Nov)
• Abdication of the Kaiser (9 Nov)
• German (Weimar) Republic founded (9 Nov)
• Armistice Signed (11-11-11)

Philipp Scheidemann announces the founding of
the German Republic in Berlin, November 9, 1918.