Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850

1

• Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850

2
The Conservative Order

• The Peace Settlement, Vienna
• Restoration of Louis XVIII of France
• Viscount Castlereagh of Britain,
• Prince Talleyrand of France,
• Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
• Principle of Legitimacy
• Balance of political and military power
• Poland
• Containment of France

3
Europe after the Congress of Vienna
4

• The Ideology of Conservatism
• Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Reflections on the
  Revolution in France
• Society is a contract
• Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)
• Monarchy divinely sanctioned, guarantees order
• Despite differences, all conservatives agreed on
  several basic ideas.Obedience to political
  authority
• Organized religion was crucial to social order
• Hatred of revolutionary upheaval
• Unwillingness to accept liberal demands for
  civil liberties, representative governments, or
  nationalistic aspirations
• Community has precedence over individual rights
• Society must be ordered and organized.
• Tradition was the best guide for achieving these
  principles

5
Conservative Domination The Concert of Europe

• Four congresses, 1818-1822
• Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy
• Intervention
• Revolt in Latin America
• Simón Bolivar (1783-1830)
• José de San Martín (1778-1850)
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823

6
Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth
Century
7

• The Greek Revolt (1821-1832)
• Treaty of Adrianople, 1829
• Conservative Domination The European States
• Great Britain Rule of the Tories
• Peterloo Massacre, 1819
• Minor reforms
• Restoration of France
• Moderation of Louis XVIII, 1814-1824
• Charles X, 1824-1830
• Intervention in the Italian States and Spain

8
The Balkans by 1830
9

• Repression in Central Europe
• 38 sovereign states
• Liberal and national movements in the German
  states
• King Frederick William III (1797-1840)
• Burschenschaften movement, student societies,
  1817-1819
• Austrian stagnation
• Russia Autocracy of the Tsars
• Alexander I, 1801-1825
• Speransky reforms
• Decemberist Revolt, 1825
• Nicholas I, 1825-1855 

10
Idealogies of Change

• Liberalism
• Economic liberalism (classical economics)
• Thomas Malthus (1766-1834),
• Essay on the Principles of Population
• Population growth
• David Ricardo (1772-1823),
• Principles of Political Economy
• Wages
• John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, On the
• Subjection of Women
• Liberty of the individual
• Womens rights

11

• Nationalism
• Part of a community with common institutions,
• traditions, language, and customs
• Allied with liberalism
• Early Socialism
• Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
• Organize society in cooperative community
• Charles Fourier (1772-1838)
• Model communities, phalansteries
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)
• New Lanark, Scotland
• Louis Blanc (1813-1882)
• Social problems require government assistance

12
The Distribution of Language in
Nineteenth-Century Europe
13

• Women attracted to socialism
• Flora Tristan (1803-1844)
• Utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism
• Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
• Another French Revolution
• Charles X issues July Ordinances, July 26, 1830
• Censorship of the press
• Dissolves the legislative assembly
• Reduced electorate
• July Revolution
• Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848
• Favors the upper bourgeoisie
• Party of Movement
• Party of Resistance

14

• Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and
  Italy
• Belgians revolt, 1830
• Independence recognized
• Austrian troops crush revolt in northern Italian
  states
• Russians put down revolt in Poland, 1831
• Reform in Great Britain
• Reform Act of 1832
• Poor Law of 1834
• Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846
• Revolutions of 1848
• Yet Another French Revolution
• Louis-Philippe fails to initiate reform
• Abdication, February 24, 1848 

15

• Provisional government
• National workshops
• June days
• Second Republic, November 4, 1848
• Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
• Revolution in Central Europe
• Agricultural depression
• Revolt of handicraft workers
• Frederick William IV (1840-1860)
• Frankfurt Assembly
• Austrian Empire
• Louis Kossuth, Hungary
• Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)

16
The Revolutions of 1848-1849
17

• Revolts in the Italian States
• Risorgimento (Resurgence)
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
• Failures of 1848
• Divisions among the revolutionaries
• Failure to extend universal suffrage
• Divisions supporting self-government 

18
The Emergence of an Ordered Society

• Development of New Police Forces
• Luis-Maurice Debelleyme, Parisian serjents
• Robert Peel, London bobbies
• Berlins Schutzmannschaft
• Poverty as a source of crime
• Institutes
• Prison Reform
• Auburn Prison
• Walnut Street model

19
Jeremy Benthams Panopticon
20
Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution The
Mood of Romanticism

• The Characteristics of Romanticism
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832),
• The Sorrows of the Young Werther
• Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
• Geist (spirit that makes people unique)
• Gothic literature
• Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
• Lord Byron (1788-1824)
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
• Mechanistic materialism

21

• Romanticism in Art and Music
• Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840)
• God and nature
• Joseph Malford William Turner (1775-1851)
• Moods of nature
• Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)
• Passion for color
• Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
• Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
• Program music
• Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism
• François-René de Chateaubriand (1768-1848),
  Genius of Christianity, 1802
• Protestant evangelicalism and personal salvation

22

• An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 -
  1871

23
The France of Napoleon III

• Louis Napoleon Toward the Second Empire
• Universal male suffrage
• Coup detat
• Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852
• The Second Napoleonic Empire
• Authoritarian government
• Economic prosperity
• Reconstruction of Paris
• Broad streets
• Limited freedom
• Opposition

24

• Foreign policy Crimean War
• The Ottoman Empire
• Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
• Encroachment of the Russian Empire
• Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox
  Christians
• The War
• Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853
• Britain and France declare war on Russia, March
  28, 1854
• British fear of Russian control of the
  Dardanelles
• France felt Russians had insulted them
• Destroys the Concert of Europe
• War ends in 1856

25
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
26
The Crimean War
27
National Unification Italy and Germany

• Unification of Italy
• Kingdom of Savoy
• Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878
• Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
• Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
• War with Austria, 1859
• Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860
• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
• Kingdom of Italy, 1861
• Annexation of Venetia, 1866
• Annexation of Rome, 1870

28
The Unification of Italy
29

• Unification of Germany
• Zollverein
• William I, 1861-1888
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Realpolitik
• Reorganization of the army
• The Danish War (1864)
• Schleswig and Holstein
• Joint administration with Austria
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
• North German Confederation
• Military agreements with Prussia

30
The Unification of Germany
31

• Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
• Throne of Spain
• French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
• Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
• Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
• Peace treaty indemnity of 5 billion francs
  (about 1 billion dollars) surrender of Alsace
  and Lorraine
• William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of
  the Second German Empire
• Nation Building and Reform The National State in
  Mid-Century
• The Austrian Empire Toward a Dual Monarchy
• Francis Joseph, 1848-1916
• Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
• Dual monarchy
• German and Magyars dominate minorities

32
Europe in 1871
33
Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy
34

• Imperial Russia
• Alexander II, 1855-1881
• Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
• Zemstvos (local assemblies)
• Alexander Herzen (1812-1870), populism
• Great Britain The Victorian Age
• Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
• Lord Palmerston (1784-1865)
• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
• Reform Act, 1867
• William Gladstone (1809-1898)
• Reforms

35

• The United States Civil War and Reunion
• Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South
  Carolina, 1860
• Civil War, 1861-1865
• Emergence of the Canadian Nation
• Industrialization and the Marxist Response
• Industrialization on the Continent
• Mechanization of cotton and textile industry
• Iron industry modernized
• Elimination of barriers to international trade
• Joint-stock investment banks
• Weak trade unions

36
The United States The West and Civil War
37

• Marx and Marxism
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
  (1820-1895), Communist Manifesto, 1848
• Wage slavery
• Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in
  England, 1844
• Bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Classless society
• Marx, Das Kapital
• Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
• A New Age of Science
• Louis Pasteur germ theory of disease
• Dmitri Mendeleyev atomic weights
• Michael Faraday generator

38

• Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic
  Evolution
• H.M.S. Beagle
• On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
• The Descent of Man, 1871
• Revolution in Health Care
• Louis Pasteur, bacteriology
• Joseph Lister (1827-1912), antiseptics
• Training of doctors
• Medical associations
• Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
• Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

39
(No Transcript)
40

• Science and the Study of Society
• Auguste Comte (1787-1857), System of Positive
  Philosophy
• Positive knowledge
• Math foundation on which the physical sciences
  built
• Sociology
• Realism in Literature and Art
• The Realistic Novel
• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857
• William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848
• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• Realism in Art
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Portrayal of everyday life
• Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)
• Scenes from rural life

41

• Music The Twilight of Romanticism
• New German School -- emotional
• Franz Liszt (1811-1886) piano
• Richard Wagner (1813-1883) national opera
• Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work

42
The France of Napoleon III

• Louis Napoleon Toward the Second Empire
• Universal male suffrage
• Coup detat
• Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852
• The Second Napoleonic Empire
• Authoritarian government
• Economic prosperity
• Reconstruction of Paris
• Broad streets
• Limited freedom
• Opposition

43

• Foreign policy Crimean War
• The Ottoman Empire
• Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
• Encroachment of the Russian Empire
• Russian religious bonds with Greek Orthodox
  Christians
• The War
• Russian-Ottoman War, October 4, 1853
• Britain and France declare war on
• Russia, March 28, 1854
• British fear of Russian control of the
  Dardanelles
• France felt Russians had insulted them
• Destroys the Concert of Europe
• War ends in 1856

44
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
45
The Crimean War
46
National Unification Italy and Germany

• Unification of Italy
• Kingdom of Savoy
• Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878
• Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
• Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
• War with Austria, 1859
• Plebiscites in northern Italy, 1860
• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
• Kingdom of Italy, 1861
• Annexation of Venetia, 1866
• Annexation of Rome, 1870

47
The Unification of Italy
48

• Unification of Germany
• Zollverein
• William I, 1861-1888
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Realpolitik
• Reorganization of the army
• The Danish War (1864)
• Schleswig and Holstein
• Joint administration with Austria
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866
• North German Confederation
• Military agreements with Prussia

49
The Unification of Germany
50

• Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
• Throne of Spain
• French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
• Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
• Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871
• Peace treaty indemnity of 5 billion francs
  (about 1 billion dollars) surrender of Alsace
  and Lorraine
• William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of
  the Second German Empire
• Nation Building and Reform The National State in
  Mid-Century
• The Austrian Empire Toward a Dual Monarchy
• Francis Joseph, 1848-1916
• Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
• Dual monarchy
• German and Magyars dominate minorities

51
Europe in 1871
52
Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy
53

• Imperial Russia
• Alexander II, 1855-1881
• Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
• Zemstvos (local assemblies)
• Alexander Herzen (1812-1870), populism
• Great Britain The Victorian Age
• Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
• Lord Palmerston (1784-1865)
• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
• Reform Act, 1867
• William Gladstone (1809-1898)
• Reforms

54

• The United States Civil War and Reunion
• Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South
  Carolina, 1860
• Civil War, 1861-1865
• Emergence of the Canadian Nation
• Industrialization and the Marxist Response
• Industrialization on the Continent
• Mechanization of cotton and textile industry
• Iron industry modernized
• Elimination of barriers to international trade
• Joint-stock investment banks
• Weak trade unions

55
The United States The West and Civil War
56

• Marx and Marxism
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
  (1820-1895), Communist Manifesto, 1848
• Wage slavery
• Engels, The Conditions of the Working Class in
  England, 1844
• Bourgeoisie and proletariat
• Classless society
• Marx, Das Kapital
• Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
• A New Age of Science
• Louis Pasteur germ theory of disease
• Dmitri Mendeleyev atomic weights
• Michael Faraday generator

57

• Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic
  Evolution
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, evolution, 1809
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• H.M.S. Beagle
• On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
• The Descent of Man, 1871
• Revolution in Health Care
• Louis Pasteur, bacteriology
• Joseph Lister (1827-1912), antiseptics
• Training of doctors
• Medical associations
• Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
• Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

58

• Science and the Study of Society
• Auguste Comte (1787-1857), System of Positive
  Philosophy
• Positive knowledge
• Math foundation on which the physical sciences
  built
• Sociology
• Realism in Literature and Art
• The Realistic Novel
• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857
• William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848
• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• Realism in Art
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• Portrayal of everyday life
• Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)
• Scenes from rural life

59

• Music The Twilight of Romanticism
• New German School -- emotional
• Franz Liszt (1811-1886) piano
• Richard Wagner (1813-1883) national opera
• Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work