ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• CHAPTER 1
• INTRO TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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I. BIOLOGY

• Study of life and how living organisms interact
  with their environment

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II. Characteristics of Life

1. Homeostasis
2. Growth and differentiation
3. Reproduce
4. Made of cells
5. Use energy/ metabolism
6. Evolve
7. Levels of organization

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Levels of Organization

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems (11)
• Organisms
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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III. Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy
• 1. gross anatomy
• surface
• regional
• systemic
• developmental
• 2. Microscopic
• cytology
• histology

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Sciences of AP cont.

• Physiology - study of function
• Branches
• cell physiology
• special physiology
• systemic physiology
• pathophysiology

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Superficial Anatomy

• 2 regions
• Axial
• Appendicular

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1. Axial

• Head and neck
• Torso (9 regions)
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
• Dorsum
• Lumbar
• Pectoral
• Axilla
• Gluteal
• Pubis
• Perineum

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2. Appendicular

• Upper extremities
• 1. Shoulder
• 2. Upper arm - brachium
• 3. Forearm - antebrachium
• 4. Hand
• Junctions / joints
• 1. Elbow
• a. Cubital fossa
• b. Olecranon
• 2. wrist

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B. Lower Extremities

• Hip/Gluteal
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot - calcaneus, plantar
• Junctions
• 1. knee
• patella
• popliteal
• 2. ankle

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B. Surface Anatomy of Abdomen

• Abdomen divided into 9 general regions
• Vertical lines - anterior of ilium to medial of
  nipple of breast
• Horizontal lines -
• 9th rib
• anterior portion of iliac crest

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Abdomen surface
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Abdominal Regions
Rt. Hypochondriac Rt. Liver lobe Gall bladder Epigastric Reg. Rt. Lft liver lobes, stomach Left Hypochondriac Small part of stomach, large intestines, spleen
Rt. Lumbar Part of large and small intestines Umbilical Reg. Part of colon and sm. intestines Left Lumbar Part of colon, small intestines
Rt. Iliac Reg. Cecum, sm. Intestines, reprod. organs, ureter Hypogastric Reg. Appendix, urinary bladder, sm. intestines Left iliac region Part of colon, small intestines, reprod. Organs, ureter
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V. Sectional Anatomy

• Anatomical regions/cavities
• 2 main Functions
• 2 main body cavities
• Dorsal
• Ventral

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1. Dorsal Cavity

• Cushions and protects CNS
• 2 Cavities
• Cranial
• Spinal

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2. Ventral Cavity

• Head
• Orbital
• Nasal
• Buccal
• Thoracic
• Right and left Pleural
• Mediastinum
• 3. Abdominopelvic
• Thoracic, abdominopelvic cavities collectively
  called CELOM
• Alimentary canal - cavity within celom
• Diaphragm - separates ventral cavity into
  thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

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Ventral Cavity cont

• Parietal
• Lines wall of cavity
• Visceral
• Covers organs within cavity
• Ex.
• Parietal pleural - membrane inside lung cavity
• Visceral pleural - membrane on outer surface of
  lung

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B. Planes and Sections

• Section - divide body into parts made along a
  line called a plane
• Plane - path taken while making the cut
• Bodies must be cut into sections to study deep
  structures in relation to each other
• 3 Sectional Planes
• Transverse
• Frontal (coronal)
• Sagittal
• Midsagittal and parasagittal

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Sectional Planes
Frontal /
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VI. Body Types

• Somatotype
• Different sizes and shapes categorized into 3
  somatotypes
• Endomorph
• Mesomorph
• Ectomorph
• Many times people are a combination

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Somatotype
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VII. Homeostasis

• Ability to maintain stable internal environment
• A. Homeostatic Control Mechanism (HCM)
• Involves all bodys organ systems
• Information transmitted to loops via nerve
  impulses, hormones secreted into blood and change
  occurs
• B. 4 components
• Sensor
• Integration / control center
• Effector
• Feedback

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HCM cont

• Sensor
• Identifies deviations from normal set point and
  generates signal
• Control Center
• Brain
• Receives input from sensor, analyzes and
  initiates action if necessary
• Effectors
• Organs such as glands or muscles that make the
  corrections if necessary
• Feedback
• Activity of effectors regulated and feedback info
  regarding any changes made

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Example

• Body Temperature
• Determine-
• Sensory
• Control
• Effector
• Feedback

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C. Impact of Effector

• Negative Feedback
• Inhibitory / causes change
• Tries to restore set point
• Positive Feedback
• stimulatory
• harmful - amplifies or reinforces change
• Feed Forward
• Information flows ahead to another process to
  trigger change in anticipation of an event that
  will occur.

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Negative Feedback
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