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Title: Anatomy and Physiology Terms


1
Anatomy and Physiology Terms
2
Intro. to Anatomy and Physiology
3
Anatomy
  • Branch of science dealing with the form and
    structure of body parts.

4
Physiology
  • Branch of science that studies body functions.

5
Appendicular
  • Upper and lower limbs

6
Axial
  • Head, neck, and trunk

7
Homeostasis
  • State of equilibrium in which the internal
    environment of the body remains at a normal
    range.

8
Cellular Metabolism
9
Anabolism
  • Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller
    molecules.

10
Synthesis
  • Building large molecules from smaller ones.

11
Catabolism
  • Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.

12
Decomposition
  • The breakdown of molecules into simpler
    compounds.

13
Oxidation
  • Process by which oxygen is combined with another
    chemical.

14
Enzyme
  • Protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical
    reaction.

15
Substrate
  • Target of enzyme action.

16
Organic
  • Carbon-containing molecules.

17
Inorganic
  • Chemical substances that lack carbon and
    hydrogen.

18
Ion
  • Atom or molecule with an electric charge.

19
Lipid
  • Fat, oil, or fatlike compound that usually has
    fatty acids in its molecular structure.

20
Nucleic Acid
  • Substance composed of boded nucleotides RNA or
    DNA.

21
Cells
22
Cytoplasm
  • The contents of a cell excluding the nucleus and
    cell membrane.

23
Organelle
  • Part of a cell that performs a specialized
    function.

24
Nucleus
  • Cellular organelle enclosed by a double-layer,
    porous membrane and containing DNA.

25
Differentiation
  • Cell specialization

26
Diffusion
  • Random movement of molecules from a region of
    higher concentration toward one of lower
    concentration.

27
Facilitated Diffusion
  • Diffusion in which a carrier molecule transports
    a substance across a cell membrane from a region
    of higher concentration to a region of lower
    concentration.

28
Active Transport
  • Process that requires energy to move a substance
    across a cell membrane, usually against the
    concentration gradient.

29
Osmosis
  • Diffusion of water through a selectively
    permeable membrane in response to a concentration
    gradient.

30
Equilibrium
  • State of balance between two opposing forces.

31
Endocytosis
  • Physiological process by which a cell membrane
    envelopes a substance and draws it into the cell
    in a vesicle.

32
Exocytosis
  • Transport of a substance out of a cell in a
    membrane-bound vesicle.

33
Phagocytosis
  • Process by which a cell engulfs and digests
    solids.

34
Pinocytosis
  • Process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid
    from its surroundings.

35
Mitosis
  • Division of a somatic cell (body cell) to form
    two genetically identical cells.

36
Meiosis
  • Cell division that halves the genetic material,
    resulting in egg and sperm cells (gametes).

37
Tissues
38
Epithelial Tissue
  • One of the basic types of tissue that covers all
    free body surfaces.

39
Connective Tissue
  • Basic type of tissue that consists of cells
    within an extracellular matrix, including bone,
    cartilage, blood, loose and fibrous connective
    tissue.

40
Adipose Tissue
  • Fat storing tissue.

41
Cartilage
  • Type of connective tissue in which cells are
    located in the lacunae and are separated by a
    semisolid extracellular matrix.

42
Nervous Tissue
  • Neurons and neuroglial cells composing the brain,
    spinal cord, and nerves.

43
Integumentary
44
Integumentary
  • Pertaining to the skin and its accessory organs.

45
Epidermis
  • Outer epithelial layer of skin.

46
Dermis
  • The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis.

47
Subcutaneous Layer
  • Layer of tissue that is mostly fat and beneath
    the skin hypodermis.

48
Sebaceous Gland
  • Skin gland that secretes sebum (oil).

49
Sweat Gland
  • Exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of
    water, salt, urea, and other bodily fluids.

50
Melanin
  • Dark pigment found in the skin and hair.

51
Keratinization
  • Process by which cells form fibrils of keratin
    and harden.

52
Arrector Pili Muscle
  • Smooth muscle in the skin associated with a hair
    follicle (goose bumps).

53
Skeletal System
54
Spongy Bone
  • Bone that consists of bars and plates separated
    by irregular spaces cancellous bone.

55
Compact Bone
  • Dense tissue in which cells are arranged in
    osteons with no apparent spaces.

56
Diaphysis
  • Shaft of the long bone.

57
Epiphysis
  • End of a long bone.

58
Periosteum
  • Fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of
    the bone.

59
Medullary Cavity
  • Cavity containing marrow within the diaphysis of
    a long bone.

60
Marrow
  • Connective tissue that occupies space within
    bones that includes stem cells.

61
Articular Cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones
    in synovial joints.

62
Intramembraneous Bone
  • Bone that forms from membrane-like layers of
    primitive connective tissue.

63
Endochondral Bone
  • Bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is
    subsequently replaced by bone tissue.

64
Osteocyte
  • Mature bone cell.

65
Synovial Joint
  • Feely movable joint.

66
Synovial Fluid
  • Fluid that they synovial membrane secretes.

67
Synovial Membrane
  • Membrane that forms the inner lining of a freely
    moveable joint.

68
Muscular System
69
Actin
  • A protein in a muscle fiber that forms filaments
    that slide between filaments of the protein
    myosin, contracting muscle fibers.

70
Myosin
  • A protein that, with actin, contracts and relaxes
    muscle fibers.

71
Sarcomere
  • Structural and functional unit of a myofibril.

72
Neurotransmitter
  • Chemical that an axon end secretes to stimulate a
    muscle fiber to contract or a neuron to fire an
    impluse.

73
Nervous System
74
Neuron
  • Nerve cell

75
Neuroglial Cell
  • Specialized cell of the nervous system that
    produces myelin, communicates between cells, and
    maintains the ionic environment, as well as
    provides other functions.

76
Soma
  • Body of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

77
Axon
  • A nerve fiber conducts a nerve impulse away from
    a neuron.

78
Dendrite
  • Process of a neuron that receives input from
    other neurons.

79
Meninges
  • Membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.

80
Synapse
  • Functional connection between the axon of one
    neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another
    neuron or the membrane of another cell type.

81
Reflex
  • Rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.

82
Action Potential
  • Sequence of electrical changes that occurs in a
    portion of a nerve cell membrane that is exposed
    to a stimulus that exceeds the membranes
    threshold.

83
Sclera
  • White fibrous outer layer of the eyeball.

84
Cornea
  • Transparent anterior portion of the outer layer
    of the eye wall.

85
Retina
  • Inner layer of the eye wall that contains the
    visual receptors.

86
Rods
  • Type of light receptor that provides colorless
    vision.

87
Cones
  • Color receptor in the retina of the eye.

88
Cochlea
  • Portion of the inner ear that has hearing
    receptors.

89
Endocrine System
90
Hormone
  • Substance secreted by an endocrine gland and
    transported in the blood.

91
Target Cell
  • Cell with specific receptors on which a hormone
    exerts its effect.

92
Cardiovascular System and Blood
93
Atrium
  • Chamber of the heart that receives blood from
    veins.

94
Ventricle
  • Cavity, such as brain ventricles filled with
    cerebrospinal fluid, or heart ventricles that
    contain blood.

95
Arteriole
  • Small branch of an artery that communicates with
    a capillary network.

96
Capillary
  • A small blood vessel that connects an arteriole
    and a venule.

97
Venule
  • Vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a
    vein.

98
Plasma
  • Fluid portion of circulating blood.

99
Erythrocyte
  • Red blood cell

100
Leukocyte
  • White blood cell

101
Platelet
  • Cytoplasmic fragment formed in the bone marrow
    that helps blood clot.

102
Antigen
  • Chemical that stimulates B lymphocytes to produce
    antibodies.

103
Antibody
  • Protein that B cells of the immune system produce
    in response to the presence of a nonself antigen
    it reacts with the antigen.

104
Respiratory System
105
Inspiration
  • Breathing in.

106
Expiration
  • Expulsion of air from the lungs.

107
Bronchi
  • Branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs.

108
Alveoli
  • Air sac of a lung.

109
Digestive System
110
Alimentary Canal
  • Tubular portion of the digestive tract that leads
    from the mouth to the anus.

111
Peristalisis
  • Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the
    walls of certain tubular organs (digestion).

112
Bile
  • Fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the
    gallbladder (emulsifies fats).

113
Villi
  • Tiny, finger-like projection that extends outward
    from the inner lining of the small intestines.

114
Urinary System
115
Nephron
  • Functional unit of the kidney.

116
Reproductive System
117
Puberty
  • Stage of development in which the reproductive
    organs become functional.

118
Ovulation
  • Release of an egg cell from a mature ovarian
    follicle.

119
Progesterone
  • Female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of
    the ovary and the placenta.

120
Estrogen
  • Hormones that stimulate the development of female
    secondary sex characteristics and produces an
    environment suitable for fertilization,
    implantation, and growth of an embryo.

121
Testosterone
  • Male sex hormone secreted by the interstitial
    cells of the testes.

122
Zygote
  • Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm
    a fertilized egg.

123
Placenta
  • Structure that attaches the fetus to the uterine
    wall, providing for delivery of nutrients to and
    removal of wastes from the fetus.

124
Amniotic Fluid
  • Fluid within the amniotic cavity that surrounds
    the developing fetus.

125
Diseases to Know
126
Jaundice
  • A yellowish skin tone, which can indicate live
    malfunction.

127
Diabetes
  • High blood glucose level and glucose in the urine
    due to a deficiency of insulin.

128
Goiter
  • Enlarged thyroid gland due to an iodine
    deficiency.

129
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • A group of conditions that can occur in a person
    whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.

130
Diagrams to Know
131
Divisions of the Body
132
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133
Cell
134

135
Skin
136
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137
Heart
138
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139
Brain
140
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