Introduction to Human Anatomy

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Introduction to Human Anatomy Physiology
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•   ANATOMY - the study of the structure
  (morphology, form) of body parts.
•  
•        Histology - the microscopic study of
  tissues.
•        Cytology - the microscopic study of
  cells.
•  
• PHYSIOLOGY - the study of the function of body
  parts.

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  Life Processes Distinguish Living from
Non-Living Things.

• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Circulation
• Assimilation
• Excretion

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  Mental Mapping (use characteristics to
categorize the following)

• I am walking to McDonalds
• I stop at the traffic light
• I am getting taller
• I am breathing air
• I get a hamburger and eat it
• My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger
• The nutrients I absorbed from hamburger is turned
  into things my body needs
• Eventually I go to the restroom
• Someday I may reproduce

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  Mental Mapping (use characteristics to
categorize the following)

• I am walking to McDonalds movement
• I stop at the traffic light
  responsiveness
• I am getting taller
  growth
• I am breathing air respiration
• I get a hamburger and eat it digestion
• My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger
  absorption
• The nutrients I absorbed from hamburger is turned
  into things my body needs assimilation
• Eventually I go to the restroom excretion
• Someday I may reproduce reproduction

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Environmental Needs

• Nutrients for energy
• Oxygen for cellular respiration
• Water for most metabolic reactions,
  lubrication, etc
• Heat to maintain 37?C body temperature,
  enzyme action
• Pressure for breathing and filtering
  blood through kidneys

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HOMEOSTASIS

• The tendency of an organism to maintain a
  stable internal environment.
• All life processes and metabolic reactions work
  to maintain homeostasis.
• Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by
  negative feedback (system acts to oppose changes)
• Example - maintenance of body temperature at
  98.6?F/37?C.

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Structural Levels of Organization

• The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex
  level the smallest particle of an element.
• Atoms combine with one another to form
• Molecules (i.e. CO2, H2O)
• Molecules combine with another to form

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• Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids,
  proteins, nucleic acids)
• Macromolecules combine to form
• Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus,
  ribosome) small organs of a cell, each with a
  particular function
• Organelles collectively compose
• Cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron) The
  cell is the basic unit of structure and function
  of living things!
• Similar cells are arranged into

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• Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle,
  nervous)
• Two or more tissues combine to form
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• Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain)
• Two or more organs combine to form
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• Organ systems (i.e. integumentary,
  cardiovascular),
• The eleven organ systems
  collectively form the
• The human organism the most complex level
  of organization.

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Divisions of the Human Body

• Axial Portion Appendicular Portion
• Head Arms
• Neck Legs
• Trunk
• Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities.
  (organs within these cavities are referred to as
  viscera.)

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2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the Body

• Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity
• Subdivided into Subdivided int0 2
  parts 2 parts

 
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic Cavity
Separated by diaphragm
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• Cranial Cavity
• Brain
• Vertebral Cavity
• Spinal Cord
• Thoracic Cavity
• Lungs
• Mediastinum - separates thorax into right and
  left sides
• Heart
• Esophagus
• Trachea
• Thymus gland

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• Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Stomach
• Liver
• Spleen
• Gall bladder
• Small and large intestines
• Rectum/Anus
• Urinary bladder
• Internal reproductive organs

Abdomen Region
Pelvic Region
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Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

• Membrane - a soft, thin pliable layer of
  tissue that either
•    Covers a vital (visceral organ) Visceral
  membrane.
•  Lines a body cavity Parietal Membrane.
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• There is a space between a visceral and
  parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is
  secreted for lubrication.

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Serous Membranes of the Heart

• The membrane on the surface of the heart is
  called visceral pericardium.
• The membrane that lines the cavity in which
  the heart is located is called the parietal
  pericardium.
• The space between these two membranes is
  called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled
  with serous fluid.

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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Lungs
The membrane on the surface of the lung is
called visceral pleura. The membrane that
lines the cavity in which the lungs are located
is called parietal pleura.  The space between
these two membranes is called the pleural cavity,
and it is filled with serous fluid.
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs

• The membrane on the surface of the liver,
  stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
• The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
  is called parietal peritoneum.
• The space between these two membranes is
  called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled
  with serous fluid

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Serous Membranes
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Anatomical Terminology

• Definition - a language used to describe the
  relative position of body parts needed for
  communication.
•  
• Anatomical position - standing erect, face
  forward, palms forward.

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Terms Referring to Direction/Relative Position

• 1. Superior above Inferior below
• 2. Anterior front Posterior back 
• 3. Medial Center Lateral side
• 4. Cephalad head Caudal tail
• 5. Ventral front Dorsal back
• 6. Proximal closer to trunk
  
• Distal farther from trunk
• 7. Superficial surface
• Deep internal.

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Terms Referring to Body Sections (Cuts, Planes)

• Sagittal cut divides the body into right and
  left portions.
• Midsagittal equal right and left portions.
• Frontal Cut divides the body into anterior
  and posterior portions.
• Transverse cut divides the body into
  superior and inferior portions.

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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Terms referring to surface anatomy (landmarks)

•   Anterior landmarks
• a. cranialskull b. facialface
• c. cephalichead d.
  cervicalneck
• e. axillary armpit
  f. brachial upper arm
• g. antecubitalanterior elbow
• h. antebrachial forearm
• i. carpalwrist j. metacarpal hand
• k. digitalfinger l. femoral
  thigh
• m. patellar knee cap n. crural
  leg
• o. frontal forehead p.
  orbitaleye
• q. otic ear
  r. buccalcheek
• s. nasal nose t. oral mouth
• u. mental chin v. mammarybreast
• w. umbilicalnaval x. coxal hip
• y. inguinal groin aa. Pubic
  pelvic
• bb. tarsalankle
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Terms Referring to Surface Anatomy (Landmarks)

• Posterior land marks
• a. acromial shoulder
• b. cubital elbow
• c. gluteal buttocks
• d. popliteal back of knee
• e. pedal foot
• f. plantar sole
• g. dorsal back
• h. lumbar loin
• i. calcaneal heel

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