Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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What is Anatomy?

• Anatomy is define as the study of the structure
  of an organism and the relationship of its parts.
  
• Derived from two Greek words
• ana up
• temos or tomos cutting

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Gross Anatomy

• Gross anatomy is used to describe the study of
  body parts visible to the naked eye.
• Andreas Vesalius is considered the founder of
  modern anatomy.

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And Now
Then...
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Cytology and Histology

• Cytology is the microscopic study of cell.
• Histology is the microscopic study of tissues.

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Pathology

• The study of diseased body structures.

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What is Physiology

• Physiology is the science that treats the
  functions of the living organism and its parts.
• Derived from two Greek words
• physis nature
• logos science or study

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Levels of Organization
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Atomic and Molecular Level

• Atoms are the smallest particles of a chemical
  element.
• When two or more atoms are joined a molecule is
  the result.
• Macromolecules are large, complex chemicals made
  of combinations of molecules.

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Organelle Level

• An organelle may be defined as any structure
  made of molecules organized in such a way that it
  can perform a specific function.

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Cellular Level

• The smallest and most numerous structural units
  that possess and exhibit all the basic
  characteristics of living matter.
• Cells differentiate to perform different
  functions.

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Tissue Level

• A group of a great many similar cells that all
  developed together from the same part of the
  embryo and are all specialized to perform a
  certain function.

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Organ Level

• An organ is a structure that is made up of
  several different kinds of tissues so arranged
  that together, they can perform a special
  function.

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System Level

• The system level of organization involves
  varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged
  that, together they can perform complex functions
  for the body.

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Organism Level

• The living human organism is certainly more than
  the sum of all of its parts.

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Overview Of The Eleven Human Body Systems
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Support and Movement
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Integumentary System

• Principal Organs
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Primary Function(s)
• Protects against pathogens
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Vitamin D production

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Skeletal System

• Principal Organs
• Bones (joints)
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Primary Function(s)
• Provides structure
• Supports and protects internal organs

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Muscular System

• Principal Organs
• Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
• Primary Function(s)
• Provides structure
• Supports and moves trunk and limbs
• Helps move substances through the body

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Communication, Control and Integration
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Nervous System

• Principal Organs
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Nerves
• Sense organs and receptors
• Primary Function(s)
• Controls and coordinates body movements and
  senses
• Monitors and maintains body systems

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Endocrine System

• Principal Organs
• Endocrine glands
• Hormones
• Primary Function(s)
• Maintain homeostasis
• Regulates metabolism
• Water and mineral balance
• Growth and sexual development
• Reproduction

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Transportation and Defense
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Cardiovascular System

• Principal Organs
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood
• Primary Function(s)
• Transports nutrients and wastes to and from all
  body tissues

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Lymphatic System

• Principal Organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Lymph vessels
• Primary Function(s)
• Cleans and returns tissue fluid to the blood
• Destroys pathogens that enter the body (immunity)

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Lymph Vessels and Nodes
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Respiration, Nutrition andExcretion
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Respiratory System

• Principal
• Air passages
• Lungs
• Primary Function(s)
• Supplies blood with oxygen and carries away
  carbon dioxide
• Speech

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Digestive System

• Principal Organs
• Mouth and esophogus
• Stomach
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Small and Large Intestine
• Primary Function(s)
• Stores and digests food
• Absorbs nutrients
• Eliminates wastes

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Excretory System

• Principal Organs
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Skin
• Lungs
• Primary Function(s)
• Eliminate waste
• Maintain water and chemical balance

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Reproduction andDevelopment
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Reproductive System

• Principal Organs
• Ovaries
• Uterus
• Mammary glands
• Testis
• Primary Function(s)
• Produce gametes and offspring