Vascular Anatomy and Physiology

1
Vascular Anatomy and Physiology

• Arteriescarry blood ________ from heart
• Veinscarry blood _________ heart
• Blood in the systemic circulation is under higher
  pressure than blood in the pulmonary or coronary
  circulation. More pressure is needed to carry
  blood throughout the body.
• The systemic circulation encounters more
  resistance to flow.
• With the exception of the pulmonary arteries and
  veins and the umbilical arteries and veins,
  arteries carry _____________ blood and veins
  carry _______________ blood.

2
Vascular Anatomy

• Aorta- Largest artery in body, largest diameter
  and thickest vessel walls.
• Arterial wall layers are similar to the layers of
  the heart.
• Tough outer fibrous layer
• Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic
  connective tissue.
• Smooth inner lining called endothelium
• In aorta and pulmonary arteries, the middle layer
  contains more elastic fibers- allows them to
  stretch slightly as they receive the
  high-pressure blood from the ventricles.

3
Vascular Anatomy Continued

• Smaller arteries continue to split into smaller
  and smaller arteries and then _____________
• Blood flows through arterioles into tiny,
  thin-walled ___________
• Capillaries consist of only one cell layer
  (simple squamous epithelium). It is easy for the
  blood to exchange oxygen and nutrients for carbon
  dioxide and vice versa

4
Vascular Anatomy Continued

• Blood travels back to heart through small
  _________ which merge to form veins
• Venous blood is under __________ pressure than
  arterial blood
• Veins have _________ walls than arteries
• _________ in veins ensure that blood travels only
  toward heart
• Veins usually are located next to arteries.

5
Vascular Anatomy

• Right and left subclavian arteries branch off of
  the aorta and travel to forelimbs.
• Cartoid arteries branch off one or both
  subclavian arteries and supply blood to the head.
• Main trunk of aorta arches dorsally and then
  travels caudally just below the spine.
• Numerous branches emerge in the thoracic and
  lumbar areas
• At hind limbs, aorta branches into right and left
  iliac arteries which supply hindlimbs.
• Small coccygeal artery emerges to supply blood to
  tail.

6
Vascular Anatomy Continued

• Jugular veins drain blood from the head.
• Veins in the foreleg merge into larger and larger
  vessels to form right and left brachiocephalic
  veins
• These carry blood to the cranial vena cava then
  back into the right atrium.
• Veins in the hind limbs merge into right and left
  iliac veins
• These carry blood to the caudal vena cava.
• Caudal vena cava travels to the right atrium

7
Venipuncture

• ___________ vein Ventral aspect of each side of
  the neck.
• Close to the carotid arteries
• Care must be taken to avoid accidental injection
  into the carotid artery
• ___________ vein craniomedial aspect of
  forelimb.
• ___________ vein medial aspect of hind limb.
• ___________ vein lateral aspect of hind limb.

8
(No Transcript)
9
Venipuncture

• Caudal _____________ vein also called Milk vein.
• found superficially on the ventral aspect of each
  side of the abdomen in lactating cows
• not generally used for venipunture since it is
  thin-walled and prone to hematoma formation.
• ____________ vein also called Tail vein.
• runs along ventral midline of the tail
• Used for venipuncture in rodents and ruminants