Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Second Semester Review

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Nervous System

• Truth and Baloney
• The 3 main functions of the nervous system are
  sensory, integration and motor output.
• Truth

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• Which is not an organ of the nervous system?
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Spinal column
• Spinal nerves
• c.

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Is the organ part of the central nervous system
or peripheral nervous system? Brain CNS Spinal
Cord CNS Nerves PNS
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• Which of the following is not a component of
  nervous tissue?
• Neurons
• Neuroglial cells
• Astrocytes
• Goblet cells
• d.

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• Which of the following would be a cause of brain
  tumors?
• Over reproduction of neurons
• Over reproduction of neuroglial cells
• Under reproduction of both neurons and neuroglial
  cells
• Both A and B are correct
• B.

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Word Bank Axon, Axon terminal, Cell body,
Dendrite, Myelin sheath, Node of ranvier,
Nucleus, and Schwann cell.
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• The electrochemical changes that occur along a
  nerve fiber are known as a nerve impulse.
• True

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• Put the steps of a nerve impulse in order.
• Sodium ions diffuse inward depolarizing the
  
• membrane
• 2 Threshold stimulus is received.
• Potassium ions diffuse outward repolarizing
  the
• membrane.
• 5 The resulting action potential causes a
  current.
• 1 A nerve fiber maintains resting potential.

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• A neurotransmitter is a hormone that transports
  impulses across a synapse.
• Baloney chemical
• A junction is a gap between neurons.
• Baloney synapse

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The synaptic junction
WORD BANK Axon Dendrite Mitochondria Neurotran
smitter Receptor site Synaptic gap Synaptic
vesicle
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• The spinal cord connects the brain to organs.
• Baloney peripheral nerves
• A nerve pathway is the series of neurons an
  impulse travels through.
• Truth
• Reflexes protect our body from injury.
• True

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• Match each structure to its function.
• Cerebrum Controls involuntary actions
• Cerebellum Interprets thoughts
• Brain Stem Coordinates movements

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• Does the situation apply to the parasympathetic
  (P) or sympathetic (S) nervous system?
• Fight or Flight
• S
• Rest and Digest
• P

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Endocrine system

• Endocrine glands
• a. are made of epithelial tissue
• b. secrete hormones
• c. are stimulated by the nervous system
• d. all of the above
• d.

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• A hormone
• a. is a secreted chemical
• b. is received by receptors on
• postsynaptic neurons
• c. always acts quickly
• d. all of the above
• a.

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• The part of the brain that regulates the
  pituitary gland.
• Hypothalamus
• The gland that controls many other glands.
• Pituitary
• A gland housing immune cells until old age.
• Thymus
• A gland involved in digestion in the small
  intestine.
• Pancreas
• A gland involved in the fight and flight
  response.
• Adrenal

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Comparing the endocrine and nervous system

• Nervous or Endocrine?
• Fast acting
• Hormones
• May last in system for days
• Neurotransmitters
• Target cells

• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Endocrine
• Nervous
• Endocrine

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Somatic and Special Senses

• A stimulus is anything that causes a response.
• True
• Sensory receptors produce stimuli
• False receive

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• Which of the following are examples of sensory
  adaptation?
• Not noticing a bad smell after a period of time.
• Yes- senses tune out the smell to be aware of
  other odors in the area
• Your eyes dilating after entering a dark room
• No- this is a reflex
• Shutting out the sound of the air blower when
  someone in the class is speaking.
• Yes

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Match each type of receptor with its
stimulus. Pain receptor changes in
temperature Chemoreceptor changes in
light Thermoreceptor tissue damage Mechanorecep
tor changes in pressure Photoreceptor changes
in chemical
concentration
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• Which is not a somatic sense?
• Pressure
• Odor
• Temperature
• Pain
• b.

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Name the special senses. Sight Hearing Taste S
mell
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Match each structure with its function.

• Integrates sensory information with the CNS
• Receives stimulus
• Muscle or gland that responds to a stimulus
• Transmits stimulus message to CNS.
• Transmits message to muscle or gland

• Sensory receptor
• Sensory neuron
• Interneuron
• Motor neuron
• Effector

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• When performing the two point discrimination
  test, which area of the body will have the most
  touch receptors?
• Fingertip
• Bottom of foot
• Elbow
• Forehead
• The fingertips are the most responsible for
  gathering information. The lips and tongue also
  have many receptors.

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Blood and Cardiovascular

• A function of the cardiovascular system is to
  transport wastes.
• True also nutrient, gases and fluids
• The cardiovascular system is involved in
  temperature regulation.
• True.

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• Which is not a cellular component of blood?
• Red blood cell
• White blood cell
• Blood plasma
• Platelets
• c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood
• Which component of blood helps clot the blood
  when you get a cut?
• d. platelets

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• The main function of white blood cells is to
  transport oxygen.
• Baloney Red blood cells
• The main function of white blood cells is to
  fight disease.
• True

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Using blood as a diagnostic tool

• If you are anemic which type of blood cell count
  will be low- red or white?
• Red
• Are blood cell counts quantitative or
  qualitative?
• Quantitative

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How are blood type determined?
Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood
type. Baloney Antigens The pH factor
determines if we have or blood
type. Baloney Rh factor
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Blood transfusions

• What blood type is the universal donor?
• O-
• What blood type is the universal recipient?
• AB

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Match each structure with its function.

• Bring blood to the heart
• Prevent backward flow of blood
• Receiving chambers
• Blood vessel that leads to the lungs
• Pumping chambers
• Blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to
  the body

• Atria
• Ventricles
• Valves
• Inferior and superior vena cava
• Pulmonary artery
• Aorta

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Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels
beginning at the heart

• Venule
• Artery
• Capillary
• Vein
• 2 Arteriole

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( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for
gas exchange because they have thin permeable
walls. ( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls
that withstand the high pressure of blood as it
is pumped from the heart. Which is a more
worrisome blood pressure? 140/ 100 100/60
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• Watch this video
• Cardiac Conduction System
• Now answer the questions
• What structure is responsible for initiating
  action potentials in the heart?
• S-A node (pacemaker)
• The graph used to monitor the cardiac conduction
  system is called an _________________?
• EKG (ECG)
• The ventricles contract during the ____________
  wave.
• QRS

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What is the name of this graph? EKG Which
pattern is normal?
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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Which of the following is not part of the
  lymphatic system?
• a. Lymph
• b. Lymph junctions
• c. Lymph nodes
• d. Lymph vessels
• b.

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Lymphatic structures
WORD BANK Lymph node Lymph vessel Right lymphatic
duct Spleen Thoracic duct Thymus Tonsils
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• Lymph comes from
• a. Tissue fluids
• b. Organ fluids
• c. Digestive fluids
• d. Reproductive fluids
• a.

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• Which is not true about lymph nodes.
• a. They filter lymph
• b. Serve as production site for antibodies
• c. Remove phagocytized material
• d. Produce red blood cells
• d.

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• Specific defenses against disease include species
  resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and
  inflammation.
• Baloney Nonspecific defenses
• The immune system can attack foreign invaders.
• True

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(Before birth / After birth ) the body
determines what is self and non-self. Macrophages
attack cells which display (antibodies /
antigens ) that are non-self. Once macrophages
enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells /
Helper T-cells ) are activated. Helper T-cells
call out B cells to produce ( histamines /
antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the
infection. Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate )
the infection. Suppressor T-cells control (
killer T-cells / the infection ). Some B-cell
and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/
memory cells).
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• The condition in which the immune system attacks
  a persons own cells is known as
• A. an allergy
• B. autoimmunity
• C. self defense
• D. Cancer
• B.

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• An example of natural immunity is a vaccine.
• Baloney acquired
• Allergies are normal responses to foreign
  invaders.
• Baloney abnormal
• Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic
  reactions.
• True

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Respiratory system

• Which of the following is not a function of the
  respiratory system?
• Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen
• Warm and moisturize the air
• Filter particles
• Speech
• a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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Respiratory System

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• Lungs

1. Small clusters involved in gas exchange
2. Branched airways leading to alveoli
3. Blocks material from entering trachea
4. Throat
5. Soft, spongy organs
6. Where air enters the body
7. Houses the vocal cords
8. Windpipe- filters incoming air

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The function of the nasal conchae is to

• reduce the weight of the skull
• filter the air
• swirl the air so it can be warmed and humidified
• cool and dry the air
• C.

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Match each structure with its function

• Passageway into lungs
• Where air enters the respiratory system
• Tube for both air and food
• Trap large particles
• Contains the vocal cords
• A tube connecting the larynx and bronchi

• Nostril
• Nasal hairs
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchiole Tubes

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• True or False?
• The microscopic alveoli within the lungs are the
  site of gas exchange.
• True

The blood vessels surrounding the alveoli
are (arteries / arterioles / capillaries /
venules / veins. )
Capillaries have thin walls, allowing gases to
easily diffuse in and out.
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• The CO2 is moving into the alveolus and the O2 is
  moving into the blood stream because of
  differences in
• A. pH
• B. partial pressure
• C. charge
• B.

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Ventilation

• Which of the following would not be associated
  with inhalation?
• Diaphragm
• The medulla oblongata
• The pons
• The pectoralis minor muscles
• The medulla

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Exhalation

• Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic
  recoil.
• True
• Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely
  collapsing after an exhalation.
• Baloney Surfactant

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What will happen to breathing rate in each of the
following situations? Fight or
flight? Increase Hyperventilation in fresh
air? Decrease An out of shape person climbing
stairs? Increase
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Digestive System

• The purpose of the digestive system is to
  mechanically and chemically break down food for
  the purpose of absorption.
• True
• Digestion is aided by enzymes.
• True

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• The biochemical broken down in the mouth?
• Carbohydrates
• The biochemical broken down in the stomach?
• Proteins
• The biochemical broken down in the small
  intestine?
• Lipids

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Circle the best answer

• The ( lymph / salivary ) glands produce enzymes
  that break down carbs.
• The ( teeth / tongue ) aid(s) in swallowing.
• The ( epiglottis / glottis ) prevents food from
  entering the respiratory system.

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• The ( gallbladder / liver ) makes bile that
  emulsifies large fat droplets.
• Bicarbonate is secreted into the
• ( small intestine / large intestine ) to
  neutralize stomach acid.
• Absorption of most nutrients takes place in the (
  small intestine / large intestine ) .
• The large intestine absorbs ( feces / water ).

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How is the nutrient important?

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Vitamins/Minerals

• Provide quick energy
• Long term energy
• Essential for normal cell function, growth and
  development
• Make up body structures such as muscle and skin
• Dissolves chemicals, transports heats, lubricates
  joints

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Urinary System

• The function of the urinary system is to maintain
  proper levels of
• water
• electrolytes
• hydrogen Ions
• all of the above
• D.

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Word Bank calyx, capsul,e column, cortex,
pelvis, pyramid, renal artery, renal vein, ureter
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• The kidneys filter blood to remove
• ( wastes / nutrients )
• The renal ( cortex / medulla ) is the site of
  filtration.
• The renal pyramid is made of
• ( nephron tubules / ureters).

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Which blood vessel is bringing unfiltered blood
into the nephron? 12- This is the afferent
arteriole Structure 1 is the site of filtration.
What is the name of this structure? Glomerulus
What is the name given to the substances
filtered from the blood and found in structure
3? Filtrate Together structures 1 and 3 are
called the? Renal corpuscle
Nephron
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Nephron
After the blood is filtered, the proper
quantities of substances needed to maintain
homeostasis are added back into the blood. What
is this step called? Reabsorption What
substances are being reabsorbed back into the
blood in this picture? Na, H2O, K The last
step is called secretion. Where is secretion
taking place? Along the distal convoluted
tubule What product enters the collecting
duct? Urine
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Patient pH Glucose Micro Protein Specific Gravity Color/ Clarity
A 2 Crystals - 1.065 Amber/ Clear
B 7 - - - 1.018 Red/ Clear
C 7 - - - 1.018 Yellow/ Clear
True or False? Patient A may need to be tested
for a yeast infection. False- Check for diabetes
using a blood test Patient B may have eaten
beets. True- everything seems normal but the
color and food can effect the color of
urine. Patient C is dehydrated. False- their ph,
color, and specific gravity are normal
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• If your are vigorously exercising on a hot and
  humid day for a long period of time you should.
• Drink water
• Replace lost electrolytes
• Monitor urine output
• All of the above
• D. And take lots of breaks!

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Reproductive System

• You can live without your reproductive system.
• True
• The primary sex organ of the male is the penis.
• Baloney testes
• The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary.
• True

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• The menstrual cycle prepares the womans body for
  fertilization.
• True
• Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an
  egg.
• True
• A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo
  implants itself in the fallopian tubes.
• Baloney uterus

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Be ready to interpret this graph.
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Keep Studying!!!!

• This is not a complete study guide.
• Review other power points.
• Review old tests.
• Eat and sleep well.