Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

• A study of the human body

Mrs. Sheila Taylor
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What is this science?

• Anatomy the study of the structure (morphology)
  of body parts
• How they form and are organized
• Physiology the function of the body parts
• What they do and how they do it
• As form function we will study these both
  together

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Form? Function?

• How each part part is put together, and what it
  is made of give hints to what it is supposed to
  do.
• Anatomists have been studying the human form for
  a very long time. Physiologist have also been
  studying for quite a while, but new technology is
  allowing for new leaps and bounds in
  understanding in both areas.

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Organization?

• Yep, and in neatly defined levels also...
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Macromolecules
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ system
• Organism

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Requirements of Organisms

• Body parts work together to help with the
  organism's survival
• Environmental requirements
• Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
• The organism also needs the right amount of each
  as well as the quality
• All used to maintain homeostasis
• A stable internal environment that is optimal for
  the cells to perform their functions.

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Homeostasis

• Maintained by a number of self-regulating control
  systems
• Known as homeostatic mechanisms
• 3 parts
• Receptors provide info about specific
  conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
• Set point (control center)- tells the particular
  level is to be
• Effectors cause the responses that alter
  conditions in the internal environment

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How's it work?

• The receptors measure the deviations from the
  proper level, the effectors correct the
  deviations
• This is called a negative feedback
• Most systems are on a negative feedback loop
• Positive feedback operates for a short time.
• Increase the deviations from the norm.
• Increase production of milk, uterine
  contractions, blood clotting

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Organization in Humans

• A complex structure
• Three main features
• Several body cavities
• Membrane layers in the cavities
• Variety of organ systems
• two major sections to the body
• Appendicular upper and lower limbs and their
  girdles
• Axial- the head neck and trunk

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The Body Cavities

• Major cavities in the human body
• Cranial cavity houses the skull and brain
• Vertebral canal home of the spinal cord within
  the vertebrae that surrounds it
• Thoracic cavity the chest
• Abdominopelvic cavity the upper abdomen and
  lower pelvic regions

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Cavities... continued

• Thoracic cavity has three regions
• The mediastinum is in the middle and it
  separates the two far sides that contain the
  lungs
• It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and
  thymus gland
• Abdominopelvic has two regions
• Abdominal cavity- from diaphragm to hip bones
• Pelvic cavity the section enclosed by the hip
  bones

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A few smaller cavities

• Oral cavity the mouth
• Nasal cavity the nose and the sinuses
• Orbital cavities - contains the eyes, their
  muscles and nerves
• Middle ear cavities contains the middle ear
  bones

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The Membranes

• The compartments in the thoracic and
  abdominopelvic cavity are lined with membranes
• Parietal membranes are superficial and are
  attached to the wall of the cavity
• Visceral membranes- are deep and covers the
  internal organs
• Typically a space between the two membranes
  filled with a fluid called serous fluid that they
  secrete.

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Thoracic Cavity Membranes

• Lungs
• Are lined with the pleural membranes and the
  pleural cavity is the space between them.
• Heart
• Pericardial membranes line the heart and the
  pericardial cavity is the potential space

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Abdominopelvic Cavity Membranes

• Lined with peritoneal membranes
• The perietal peritoneum line the walls
• The visceral peritoneum covers the individual
  organs

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Organ Systems

• Several systems of interrelated organs that work
  together to allow the system to preform a special
  function that helps the body maintain homeostasis
• Basic functions
• Covering
• Support and movement
• Integrations and coordination
• Transport
• Absorption and excretion
• Reproduction

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Covering

• The integumentary system
• Composed of the skin and other accessory organs
• Protects the underlying tissues
• Regulates body temperature
• Synthesis certain products (like Vitamin D)
• House sensory receptors

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Support and Movement

• The Skeletal system the support part
• Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilage
• Provides framework, support, storage and
  protection
• Muscular system the movement part
• Consists of three main types of muscles
• Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
• Main source of heat, provide movement, and help
  maintain posture

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Integration and Coordination

• The nervous system
• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory
  organs, and the peripheral nerves
• Messages are sent with bioelectrical impulses and
  chemical neurotransmitters
• The endocrine system
• Consists of ductless glands and chemical
  messengers called hormones
• Work on target cells to produce the desired
  results

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Transport

• The cardiovascular system
• Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Transports nutrient to the cells and the waste
  products away to be cleansed from the body, also
  transports the hormones
• The lymphatic system
• Consists of lymph vessels and nodes
• Transports tissue fluid back to the blood and is
  home to lymphocytes

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Absorption and Excretion

• The digestive system
• Breaks down food and absorbs the nutrients into
  the body
• Consists of the alimentary canal and the
  associated glands
• The respiratory system
• Consists of the lungs
• Absorbs in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• The urinary system
• Consists of the kidney, bladder, and the tubes
  that connect everything
• Filters the blood and removes the liquid waste

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Reproductive

• Reproductive system
• Male and female have very distinct systems
• Designed to compliment each other to make an
  entire new organism
• Also hormones help strengthen bones and other
  changes that make the body more capable of
  surviving.

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