Lexis and Grammar for Translation

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Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I

• Dott. M. Gatto
• Lingue e Culture per il Turismo

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PRESENT tense/aspectSTRUCTURE

• Simple gt INF (s)
• I cry
• Continuous gt BE ING
• I am crying
• Perfect gt HAVE ED
• I have cried
• Perfect continuous gt HAVE BEEN ING
• I have been crying

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PAST tense/aspectSTRUCTURE

• Simple gt ed irregular forms
• I cried /I wrote
• Continuous gt BE ING
• I was crying
• Perfect gt HAVE ED
• I had cried
• Perfect continuous gt HAD BEEN ING
• I had been crying

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FUTURE tense/aspectSTRUCTURE

• Simple gt WILL inf
• I will cry
• Continuous gt WILL BE ING
• I will be crying
• Perfect gt WILL HAVE ED
• I will have cried
• Perfect continuous gt WILL HAVE BEEN ING
• I will have been crying

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Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
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Simple Future

• Future actions decided at the time of speaking
• Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it.
• Ho lasciato la porta aperta. Vado a chiuderla

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• We use WILL also to
• Offer gt Will you have a drink? Ill have a drink
• Agree gt Can you give me back my book? Ill bring
  it tomorrow
• Promise gt Ill call you.
• We use will with these words/phrases
• probably, I think, I expect

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Future continuous

• Actions that will be in progress at a certain
  time in the future
• Tomorrow at 11.00 I will be teaching
• (Its 11.00 and Im teaching)
• (Yetarday at 11.00 I was teaching)

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Future perfect

• Actions that will have already happend at a
  certain time in the future
• NOWYou take your firstdegree(2012)(2020).
• You will take your first degree in 2012.
• By/In 2020 you will have already taken your first
  degree

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Future perfect/perfect continuous

• Actions that will have been continuous at a
  certain time in the future
• Next year it will be my 18 wedding anniversay. I
  will have been married for 18 years
• Ive been living in Bari since 1 January 2000.
  By 31 December I will have been living in Bari
  for 9 years

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Attenzione

• We dont use will with
• When, if, until, as soon as
• Quando verrai a casa mia ti farò vedere il mia
  computer nuovo
• When you come to my place, Ill show you my new
  computer.

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Attenzione

• We do not use WILL for actions that had been
  planned before the time of speaking
• Tomorrow Im going to the cinema
• Domani vado/andrò a cinema)
• BUT
• Ive nothing to do today. Ill go to the cinema
• For planned actions (intentions) you can also use
  be going to V
• Im going to buy some new clothes

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Past Perfect Continuous

• Repeated/continuous actions in the past
• She looked out of the window. The ground was
  wet. It had been raining.
• aveva piovuto (trapassato prossimo)
• She had been walking for two hours when she met
  Tom
• camminava (impefetto)

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Presente (Italian)

• Simple present
• Present Continuous
• Present Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous
• Simple Future

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Passato Prossimo (Italian)

• Present Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous
• Simple Past

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Imperfetto

• Simple past (used to would)
• Past continuous
• Past Perfect
• Past Perfect Continuous (for/since)

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Trapassato prossimo

• Past Perfect
• Past Perfect Continuous

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Passato remoto

• Simple Past

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Trapassato remoto

• Past Perfect

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Futuro semplice

• Simple future
• Present continuous
• Present simple

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Futuro anteriore

• Future perfect
• Future perfect continuous
• Present perfect

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Homework

• Laviosa, Linking Wor(l)ds, UNIT 8
• Thomson-Martinet, A Practical English Grammar,
  UNIT 10 UNIT 17 UNIT 18
• Murphy, English Gramamr in Use, UNITS 1-23