Title: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation Studies ???????????????
1A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to
Translation Studies???????????????
- Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)
- ???? ???
- ltflshgw_at_mail.sysu.edu.cngt
2Acknowledgements
- Id like to express my thanks to the School of
Foreign Languages of Nanjing University of
Technology for inviting me to give a talk here.
3Acknowledgements
- At Sun Yat-sen University a number of people have
worked with me in the area of translation
studies - ??? ?????(????/????)
- ??? ??????(????)
- ? ? ?????(????)
- ??? ?????(??????)
- ??? ?????(??????)
4??????????
- ??? 2001,??????????, ????????????
- ??? 2002,???????,???????2002?7??
- ??? 2006,??????????, ????????????
- ??????? 2002,??????????,????2002??3??
- ??????? 2003, ???????????????,(??)Translation
Quarterly, 2003(30)?
5- ??????????????????, ???????,2002 (5)?
- ?????????????????, ?????,2002 (1)?
- ???????????????, ????, 2002 (3)?
- ????????????????????,?? ? ?????????? ,
????????????, 2002? - ????????????????, ????2002 (3)?
- ?????????????????????, ?????????,2002(5)?
- ??????????????,????????2003(1)?
6- ???????????????????,???????2003(2)?
- ??????? ??????? ????????,????2003(2)?
- ??????????????? ???????????,?????2003(1)?
- ????????????????????2004(5)?
- ????????????????????????????????????2004(4)?
- ????????????????????2006(1)?
- ??????????????????? ????????????????????,2006?
7Outline
- 1 Introduction Two general approaches to
translation studies - 2 Functional Linguistics
- 3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
- 4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation
studies (Catford, Hatim Mason, Bell, Baker) - 5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional
views of language, levels of analysis) - 6 Illustration Jiang Xue
- 7 Summary
81 Introduction Two approaches
- Two approaches to translation studies
- (1) Linguistics (formal vs functional)
- (2) Literary
- Translation studies as a science
- Translation as an art
- Translation as a practice and translation studies
as a inter-discipline or a multi-discipline
92 Functional Linguistics
- Linguistics
- (1) Formal linguistics (e.g. generative
linguistics) - (2) Functional linguistics (including Systemic
Functional Linguistics, Pragmatics, Cognitive
Linguistics, Discourse Analysis,
Sociolinguistics, etc.)
102 Functional Linguistics
- Functionalism in linguistics
- (1) Prague School Linguistics (V. Mathesius, R.
Jakobson, J. Firbas, N. Trubetzkoy) - (2) London School Linguistics (J. Firth)
- (3) Copenhagen School (L. Hjelmslev)
- (4) French functionalism (A. Martinet )
- (5) Systemic Functional Linguistics (M. Halliday)
112 Functional Linguistics
- (6) Autonomist functionalism or generative
functionalism (S. Kuno, E. Prince) - (7) Functional grammar (S. Dik)
- (8) Text/Discourse grammar (van Dijk)
- (9) Mixed functionalism (S. Levinson)
122 Functional Linguistics
- (10) Typological functionalism (W. Croft)
- (11) Role and Reference Grammar (R.D. van Valin,
W.A. Foley) - (12) West Coast Functionalism (T. Givón, P.
Hopper, S. Thompson) - (13) Cognitive linguistics (R.W. Langacker)
13- Note that different functional approaches are
usually related in one way or another. E.g., - Halliday was Firth's student and both were
influenced by the Prague School. Both Halliday
and Firth came from a European tradition
influenced by de Saussure (esp Halliday) (as was
the Prague School to some extent). - What is clear is that there are influences rather
than hierarchies involved here.
143 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
- As a practice, the history of translation is as
old as that of the human society. - In terms of theoretical approaches to translation
studies, almost every linguistic theory/model has
something to offer to the study of translation
(as a theory or as a practice). - Thus, one can say that there are more than 10
functional linguistics approaches to
translation studies.
153 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
- There are a number of important functional
approaches to translation studies. Below are
three major ones - (1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. Hatim,
R. Bell, J. House) - (2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. Vermeer,
C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari) - (3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gutt, L.
Hickey)
163 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
- Basic assumptions
- Viewing language as a means of communication
- Emphasizing cognitive, socio-cultural,
physiological factors - Regarding semantic, pragmatic, functional
patterning as central - Doing analysis of texts and their contexts
17- Translation is translating meaning!
184 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies
- Background (neo-Firthian )
- Developments of Hallidayan linguistics four
stages - (1) 1961-- Scale and Category Grammar
- (2) 1966-- Systemic Grammar
- (3) 1970-- Functional Grammar (Systemic
Functional Grammar) - (4) 1978-- Systemic Functional Linguistics
19- Halliday develops his theory of language from the
study of syntax. From a theory of syntax to a
theory of language - Scale and Category Grammar,
- Systemic Grammar,
- Functional Grammar,
- Systemic Functional Grammar,
- Systemic Functional Linguistics
204.1 Catfords approach
- J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of
Translation An Essay in Applied Linguistics,
1965. (???????????????. ??????? 1991) - Notes (1) Based on Scale and Category Grammar
(2) An Essay in Applied Linguistics - In 1956, the University of Edinburgh established
the first School of Applied Linguistics under the
direction of J.C. Catford.
21?????????? (???)
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22- ??1965?,J.C. Catford ????M.A.K. Halliday (1956,
1961)??????????????????????????,????????(Context
)?????(Contextual Meaning)????????Halliday??????
???????J.R. Firth??????? (??? 2004)
23- Catford(1965)?????????,????????????,???????????
???????????? ?? (levels, ????????????) ? ??
(ranks, ????????????????) ???????????? (???
2003)
24Definition
- Translation the replacement of textual material
in one language (SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (TL). (Catford 1965) - ?????????(??)???????????????(??)??????(?? ?1990)
25textual material
- textual material (rather than text) it is
not the entirety of a SL which is translated - Replacement replacement of SL grammar and lexis
by equivalent TL grammar and lexis - Replacement of SL graphology by TL graphology
but the TL graphological form is by no means a
translation equivalent of the SL graphological
form
26equivalent
- The central problem of translation practice is
that of finding TL translation equivalents. A
central task of translation theory is that of
defining the nature and conditions of translation
equivalence.
27transference
- at one or more levels there may be no
replacement at all, but simple transference of SL
material into the TL text. - In normal translation, the TL text has a TL
meaning. The values of TL items are entirely
those set up by formal and contextual relations
in the TL itself.
28- However, it is possible to carry out an operation
in which the TL text, or part of the TL text,
does have values set up in the SL (i.e. has SL
meaning). - Catford calls this process transference.
29- In translation, there is substitution of TL
meanings for SL meanings not transference of SL
meanings into the TL. In transference there is
an implantation of SL meanings into the TL text. - These two processes must be clearly
differentiated in any theory of translation.
30textual equivalence vs formal correspondence
- A textual equivalent is any TL text or portion
of text which is observed on a particular
occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text
or portion of text.
31- A formal correspondent, on the other hand, is
any TL category (unit, class, structure, element
of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy,
as nearly as possible, the same place in the
economy of the TL as the given SL category
occupies in the SL.
32- ??. ??????????????J ????1990 (2)37
- ???. ???????????? J ????????? 2001(1)
- ??? ??.????????????????????????? J ????????
2004(3) - ???. ????????????? --????????????J ????
2006(2) - ??? ???.?????????J.???????? 2006(6)
334.2 Approach by Hatim Mason
- Hatim Mason (1990) takes a functional discourse
approach - Register analysis
- Discourse structure
- Texture
- Text type
- Context
- Intertextuality and intentionality
344.3 Bells approach
- Bell (1991) focuses on elements in communication
- What?
- Why?
- When?
- How?
- Where?
- Who?
354.4 Bakers approach
- Baker (1992) focuses on equivalence
- Equivalence at word level
- Equivalence above word level
- Grammatical equivalence
- Textual equivalence
- Pragmatic equivalence
365 SFL approach revisited
- Revisiting the Systemic Functional Linguistics
approach to translation studies
375.1 Basic assumptions
- A translated text is different from the original
text in terms of context of co-text, context of
situation and context of culture. - A functional linguistics approach to the analysis
of a translated text is a functional linguistics
study of the text and its context.
385.2 A functional view of language
- Language as meaning-potential
- Choices of language are meaningful in relation to
the system of choices available (what could have
been said but was not) - Language as metafunctional
- Ideational
- Interpersonal
- Textual
- Language as multi-stratal
- (Discourse) Semantics
- Lexicogrammar
- Phonology / Graphology
39 The traffic light system
- Stop
- Slow down RED
- Go AMBER
- GREEN
- Meaning (is realized by) Form
40Language as meaning-potential
- He is my father/dad.
- ???
- ??? ???
- ???
41 Meaning as metafunctional
- Ideational metafunction
- Interpersonal metafunction
- Textual metafunction
- Ideational equivalence
- Interpersonal equivalence
- Textual equivalence
42Ideational equivalence
- A. He is a teacher of English. (Relational
process) - B. He teaches English. (Material process)
- (1) ???????(????)
- (2) ???????(????)
43Interpersonal equivalence
- ????,?????(??)
- A good young man is wooing a maiden fair he
loves. (??? ?,1992) - The lad is keen to woo the lass, a very
dream.(??? ?,2002) - A lad would like to woo a lass with pretty
looks.(??? ?,1997)
44Textual equivalence
- They arrived at the airport yesterday afternoon
and were met by the mayor of Beijing there.
(passive) - (1)??????????,??????????????(????)
- (2)??????????,???????????? (????)
455.3 Levels of analysis
- (1) Ideology
- (2) Context of Culture genre (schematic
patterning) - (3) Context of Situation register (field, tenor,
mode) - (4) Context of co-text language (Ideational,
Interpersonal, Textual)
46 5.3 Levels of analysis
- Metafunction
- Transitivity (process types material, mental,
relational, verbal, behavioral, existential), - Ergativity,
- Voice
- Speech role (offer, statement, command,
question), - Mood (declarative, indicative, interrogative),
- Modality (modalisation, modulation)
475.3 Levels of analysis
- Thematic structure,
- Information structure,
- Cohesion (reference, ellipsis, substitution,
conjunction). - Grammatical metaphor (ideational, interpersonal,
textual) - Groups and phrases
- Clauses
485.3 Levels of analysis
- Clauses in combination
- Types of relations between clauses logical
dependency relations (dependence/ hypotaxis
equality/parataxis) logico-semantic relation
(a) expansion elaboration, extension,
enhancement, (b) projection locution, idea)
496 Illustration Jiang Xue
- Illustrations River Snow
- ?????
506. Illustration Jiang Xue
- ? ?
- ???
- ?????,
- ??????
- ?????,
- ??????
516. Illustration Jiang Xue
- Text 1 River Snow
- A hundred mountains and no bird,
- A thousand paths without a footprint
- A little boat, a bamboo cloak,
- An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.
-
(Witter Bynner ?)
526. Illustration Jiang Xue
- Text 2 The Snowbound River
-
- Oer mountains and mountains no bird is on the
wing - On thousand lines of the pathways theres no
footprint. - In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old
man, - In palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his angle
string. -
(??? ?)
536. Illustration Jiang Xue
- Text 3 River Snowfall
- Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly
- On all roads, no more travelers pass by.
- Straw hat and cloak, old mans in boat, head low,
- Fishing alone on river cold with snow.
-
(??? ?)
546. Illustration Jiang Xue
- T1 Thing (nominal groups)
- T2 T3 Situation (clauses)
- T1 T2 State (relational, existential)
- T3 Event (material)
556. Illustration Jiang Xue
- Text 1
- Ngpngp A hundred mountains and no bird,
- Ngp A thousand paths without a footprint
- Ngpngp A little boat, a bamboo cloak,
- Ngp An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.
56Text 2
- Clause relational process Oer mountains and
mountains no bird is on the wing - Clause existential process On thousand lines of
the pathways theres no footprint. - Clause material process In a lone boat on the
snowbound river, an old man, / In palm-bark cape
and straw hat, drops his angle string.
57Text 3
- Clause material process Amidst all mountains,
birds no longer fly - Clause material process On all roads, no more
travelers pass by. - Clause material process Straw hat and cloak,
old mans in boat, head low, / Fishing alone on
river cold with snow.
586. Illustration Summary
- Text 1 static (Thing, nominal group)
- Text 2 static---dynamic (Situation, clause,
relational/existential process) - Text 3 dynamic (Situation, clause, material
process) - Source text (state) ---Target text (state/event)
597 Summary
- 1 Two general approaches to translation studies
- 2 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
- 3 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies
- 4 SFL approach revisited
- 5 Illustrations Jiang Xue
- 6 Evaluation of translated texts
60Translation is translating meaning!
61 62(No Transcript)