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Title: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Translation Studies ???????????????


1
A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to
Translation Studies???????????????
  • Huang Guowen (Sun Yat-sen University)
  • ???? ???
  • ltflshgw_at_mail.sysu.edu.cngt

2
Acknowledgements
  • Id like to express my thanks to the School of
    Foreign Languages of Nanjing University of
    Technology for inviting me to give a talk here.

3
Acknowledgements
  • At Sun Yat-sen University a number of people have
    worked with me in the area of translation
    studies
  • ??? ?????(????/????)
  • ??? ??????(????)
  • ? ? ?????(????)
  • ??? ?????(??????)
  • ??? ?????(??????)

4
??????????
  • ??? 2001,??????????, ????????????
  • ??? 2002,???????,???????2002?7??
  • ??? 2006,??????????, ????????????
  • ??????? 2002,??????????,????2002??3??
  • ??????? 2003, ???????????????,(??)Translation
    Quarterly, 2003(30)?

5
  • ??????????????????, ???????,2002 (5)?
  • ?????????????????, ?????,2002 (1)?
  • ???????????????, ????, 2002 (3)?
  • ????????????????????,?? ? ?????????? ,
    ????????????, 2002?
  • ????????????????, ????2002 (3)?
  • ?????????????????????, ?????????,2002(5)?
  • ??????????????,????????2003(1)?

6
  • ???????????????????,???????2003(2)?
  • ??????? ??????? ????????,????2003(2)?
  • ??????????????? ???????????,?????2003(1)?
  • ????????????????????2004(5)?
  • ????????????????????????????????????2004(4)?
  • ????????????????????2006(1)?
  • ??????????????????? ????????????????????,2006?

7
Outline
  • 1 Introduction Two general approaches to
    translation studies
  • 2 Functional Linguistics
  • 3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
  • 4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation
    studies (Catford, Hatim Mason, Bell, Baker)
  • 5 SFL approach revisited (assumptions, functional
    views of language, levels of analysis)
  • 6 Illustration Jiang Xue
  • 7 Summary

8
1 Introduction Two approaches
  • Two approaches to translation studies
  • (1) Linguistics (formal vs functional)
  • (2) Literary
  • Translation studies as a science
  • Translation as an art
  • Translation as a practice and translation studies
    as a inter-discipline or a multi-discipline

9
2 Functional Linguistics
  • Linguistics
  • (1) Formal linguistics (e.g. generative
    linguistics)
  • (2) Functional linguistics (including Systemic
    Functional Linguistics, Pragmatics, Cognitive
    Linguistics, Discourse Analysis,
    Sociolinguistics, etc.)

10
2 Functional Linguistics
  • Functionalism in linguistics
  • (1) Prague School Linguistics (V. Mathesius, R.
    Jakobson, J. Firbas, N. Trubetzkoy)
  • (2) London School Linguistics (J. Firth)
  • (3) Copenhagen School (L. Hjelmslev)
  • (4) French functionalism (A. Martinet )
  • (5) Systemic Functional Linguistics (M. Halliday)

11
2 Functional Linguistics
  • (6) Autonomist functionalism or generative
    functionalism (S. Kuno, E. Prince)
  • (7) Functional grammar (S. Dik)
  • (8) Text/Discourse grammar (van Dijk)
  • (9) Mixed functionalism (S. Levinson)

12
2 Functional Linguistics
  • (10) Typological functionalism (W. Croft)
  • (11) Role and Reference Grammar (R.D. van Valin,
    W.A. Foley)
  • (12) West Coast Functionalism (T. Givón, P.
    Hopper, S. Thompson)
  • (13) Cognitive linguistics (R.W. Langacker)

13
  • Note that different functional approaches are
    usually related in one way or another. E.g.,
  • Halliday was Firth's student and both were
    influenced by the Prague School. Both Halliday
    and Firth came from a European tradition
    influenced by de Saussure (esp Halliday) (as was
    the Prague School to some extent).
  • What is clear is that there are influences rather
    than hierarchies involved here.

14
3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
  • As a practice, the history of translation is as
    old as that of the human society.
  • In terms of theoretical approaches to translation
    studies, almost every linguistic theory/model has
    something to offer to the study of translation
    (as a theory or as a practice).
  • Thus, one can say that there are more than 10
    functional linguistics approaches to
    translation studies.

15
3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
  • There are a number of important functional
    approaches to translation studies. Below are
    three major ones
  • (1) Hallidayan functionalism (M. Baker, B. Hatim,
    R. Bell, J. House)
  • (2) German functionalism (K. Reiss, H. Vermeer,
    C. Nord, J. Holz-Manttari)
  • (3) Pragmatics/Mixed functionalism (E-A. Gutt, L.
    Hickey)

16
3 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
  • Basic assumptions
  • Viewing language as a means of communication
  • Emphasizing cognitive, socio-cultural,
    physiological factors
  • Regarding semantic, pragmatic, functional
    patterning as central
  • Doing analysis of texts and their contexts

17
  • Translation is translating meaning!

18
4 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies
  • Background (neo-Firthian )
  • Developments of Hallidayan linguistics four
    stages
  • (1) 1961-- Scale and Category Grammar
  • (2) 1966-- Systemic Grammar
  • (3) 1970-- Functional Grammar (Systemic
    Functional Grammar)
  • (4) 1978-- Systemic Functional Linguistics

19
  • Halliday develops his theory of language from the
    study of syntax. From a theory of syntax to a
    theory of language
  • Scale and Category Grammar,
  • Systemic Grammar,
  • Functional Grammar,
  • Systemic Functional Grammar,
  • Systemic Functional Linguistics

20
4.1 Catfords approach
  • J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of
    Translation An Essay in Applied Linguistics,
    1965. (???????????????. ??????? 1991)
  • Notes (1) Based on Scale and Category Grammar
    (2) An Essay in Applied Linguistics
  • In 1956, the University of Edinburgh established
    the first School of Applied Linguistics under the
    direction of J.C. Catford.

21
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22
  • ??1965?,J.C. Catford ????M.A.K. Halliday (1956,
    1961)??????????????????????????,????????(Context
    )?????(Contextual Meaning)????????Halliday??????
    ???????J.R. Firth??????? (??? 2004)

23
  • Catford(1965)?????????,????????????,???????????
    ???????????? ?? (levels, ????????????) ? ??
    (ranks, ????????????????) ???????????? (???
    2003)

24
Definition
  • Translation the replacement of textual material
    in one language (SL) by equivalent textual
    material in another language (TL). (Catford 1965)
  • ?????????(??)???????????????(??)??????(?? ?1990)

25
textual material
  • textual material (rather than text) it is
    not the entirety of a SL which is translated
  • Replacement replacement of SL grammar and lexis
    by equivalent TL grammar and lexis
  • Replacement of SL graphology by TL graphology
    but the TL graphological form is by no means a
    translation equivalent of the SL graphological
    form

26
equivalent
  • The central problem of translation practice is
    that of finding TL translation equivalents. A
    central task of translation theory is that of
    defining the nature and conditions of translation
    equivalence.

27
transference
  • at one or more levels there may be no
    replacement at all, but simple transference of SL
    material into the TL text.
  • In normal translation, the TL text has a TL
    meaning. The values of TL items are entirely
    those set up by formal and contextual relations
    in the TL itself.

28
  • However, it is possible to carry out an operation
    in which the TL text, or part of the TL text,
    does have values set up in the SL (i.e. has SL
    meaning).
  • Catford calls this process transference.

29
  • In translation, there is substitution of TL
    meanings for SL meanings not transference of SL
    meanings into the TL. In transference there is
    an implantation of SL meanings into the TL text.
  • These two processes must be clearly
    differentiated in any theory of translation.

30
textual equivalence vs formal correspondence
  • A textual equivalent is any TL text or portion
    of text which is observed on a particular
    occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text
    or portion of text.

31
  • A formal correspondent, on the other hand, is
    any TL category (unit, class, structure, element
    of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy,
    as nearly as possible, the same place in the
    economy of the TL as the given SL category
    occupies in the SL.

32
  • ??. ??????????????J ????1990 (2)37
  • ???. ???????????? J ????????? 2001(1)
  • ??? ??.????????????????????????? J ????????
    2004(3)
  • ???. ????????????? --????????????J ????
    2006(2)
  • ??? ???.?????????J.???????? 2006(6)

33
4.2 Approach by Hatim Mason
  • Hatim Mason (1990) takes a functional discourse
    approach
  • Register analysis
  • Discourse structure
  • Texture
  • Text type
  • Context
  • Intertextuality and intentionality

34
4.3 Bells approach
  • Bell (1991) focuses on elements in communication
  • What?
  • Why?
  • When?
  • How?
  • Where?
  • Who?

35
4.4 Bakers approach
  • Baker (1992) focuses on equivalence
  • Equivalence at word level
  • Equivalence above word level
  • Grammatical equivalence
  • Textual equivalence
  • Pragmatic equivalence

36
5 SFL approach revisited
  • Revisiting the Systemic Functional Linguistics
    approach to translation studies

37
5.1 Basic assumptions
  • A translated text is different from the original
    text in terms of context of co-text, context of
    situation and context of culture.
  • A functional linguistics approach to the analysis
    of a translated text is a functional linguistics
    study of the text and its context.

38
5.2 A functional view of language
  • Language as meaning-potential
  • Choices of language are meaningful in relation to
    the system of choices available (what could have
    been said but was not)
  • Language as metafunctional
  • Ideational
  • Interpersonal
  • Textual
  • Language as multi-stratal
  • (Discourse) Semantics
  • Lexicogrammar
  • Phonology / Graphology

39
The traffic light system
  • Stop
  • Slow down RED
  • Go AMBER
  • GREEN
  • Meaning (is realized by) Form

40
Language as meaning-potential
  • He is my father/dad.
  • ???
  • ??? ???
  • ???

41
Meaning as metafunctional
  • Ideational metafunction
  • Interpersonal metafunction
  • Textual metafunction
  • Ideational equivalence
  • Interpersonal equivalence
  • Textual equivalence

42
Ideational equivalence
  • A. He is a teacher of English. (Relational
    process)
  • B. He teaches English. (Material process)
  • (1) ???????(????)
  • (2) ???????(????)

43
Interpersonal equivalence
  • ????,?????(??)
  • A good young man is wooing a maiden fair he
    loves. (??? ?,1992)
  • The lad is keen to woo the lass, a very
    dream.(??? ?,2002)
  • A lad would like to woo a lass with pretty
    looks.(??? ?,1997)

44
Textual equivalence
  • They arrived at the airport yesterday afternoon
    and were met by the mayor of Beijing there.
    (passive)
  • (1)??????????,??????????????(????)
  • (2)??????????,???????????? (????)

45
5.3 Levels of analysis
  • (1) Ideology
  • (2) Context of Culture genre (schematic
    patterning)
  • (3) Context of Situation register (field, tenor,
    mode)
  • (4) Context of co-text language (Ideational,
    Interpersonal, Textual)

46
5.3 Levels of analysis
  • Metafunction
  • Transitivity (process types material, mental,
    relational, verbal, behavioral, existential),
  • Ergativity,
  • Voice
  • Speech role (offer, statement, command,
    question),
  • Mood (declarative, indicative, interrogative),
  • Modality (modalisation, modulation)

47
5.3 Levels of analysis
  • Thematic structure,
  • Information structure,
  • Cohesion (reference, ellipsis, substitution,
    conjunction).
  • Grammatical metaphor (ideational, interpersonal,
    textual)
  • Groups and phrases
  • Clauses

48
5.3 Levels of analysis
  • Clauses in combination
  • Types of relations between clauses logical
    dependency relations (dependence/ hypotaxis
    equality/parataxis) logico-semantic relation
    (a) expansion elaboration, extension,
    enhancement, (b) projection locution, idea)

49
6 Illustration Jiang Xue
  • Illustrations River Snow
  • ?????

50
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  • ? ? 
  • ???
  • ?????,
  • ??????
  • ?????,
  • ??????

51
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  •  Text 1 River Snow
  • A hundred mountains and no bird,
  • A thousand paths without a footprint
  • A little boat, a bamboo cloak,
  • An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.

  • (Witter Bynner ?)

52
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  • Text 2 The Snowbound River
  •  
  • Oer mountains and mountains no bird is on the
    wing
  • On thousand lines of the pathways theres no
    footprint.
  • In a lone boat on the snowbound river, an old
    man,
  • In palm-bark cape and straw hat, drops his angle
    string.

  • (??? ?)

53
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  • Text 3 River Snowfall 
  • Amidst all mountains, birds no longer fly
  • On all roads, no more travelers pass by.
  • Straw hat and cloak, old mans in boat, head low,
  • Fishing alone on river cold with snow.

  • (??? ?)

54
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  • T1 Thing (nominal groups)
  • T2 T3 Situation (clauses)
  • T1 T2 State (relational, existential)
  • T3 Event (material)

55
6. Illustration Jiang Xue
  • Text 1
  • Ngpngp A hundred mountains and no bird,
  • Ngp A thousand paths without a footprint
  • Ngpngp A little boat, a bamboo cloak,
  • Ngp An old man fishing in the cold river-snow.

56
Text 2
  • Clause relational process Oer mountains and
    mountains no bird is on the wing
  • Clause existential process On thousand lines of
    the pathways theres no footprint.
  • Clause material process In a lone boat on the
    snowbound river, an old man, / In palm-bark cape
    and straw hat, drops his angle string.

57
Text 3
  • Clause material process Amidst all mountains,
    birds no longer fly
  • Clause material process On all roads, no more
    travelers pass by.
  • Clause material process Straw hat and cloak,
    old mans in boat, head low, / Fishing alone on
    river cold with snow.

58
6. Illustration Summary
  • Text 1 static (Thing, nominal group)
  • Text 2 static---dynamic (Situation, clause,
    relational/existential process)
  • Text 3 dynamic (Situation, clause, material
    process)
  • Source text (state) ---Target text (state/event)

59
7 Summary
  • 1 Two general approaches to translation studies
  • 2 Functional Linguistics and translation studies
  • 3 Hallidayan functionalism in translation studies
  • 4 SFL approach revisited
  • 5 Illustrations Jiang Xue
  • 6 Evaluation of translated texts

60
Translation is translating meaning!
61
  • Thank you!
  • ????!

62
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