Title: Lexis and Grammar for Translation
1Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I
- Dott. M. Gatto
- Lingue e Culture per il Turismo
2From FORM to FUNCTION
- PRESENT SIMPLE
- vs
- PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- PAST SIMPLE
- vs
- PAST CONTINUOUS
3Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
4Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
5Tense/Aspect ? Time ? SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present I do I am doing I have done I have been doing
Past I did I was doing I had done I had been doing
Future I will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing
6STRUCTURE
- Simple gt INF (s)
- I cry
- Continuous gt BE ING
- I am crying
- Perfect gt HAVE ED
- I have cried
- Perfect continuous gt HAVE BEEN ING
- I have been crying
7Present Perfect
- Past actions that have a connection with the
present - I have lost my key
- Jim has gone to Canada
- ________X.
- New information/ recent events
- Ive burnt myself!
- A new book has been published
8- Past actions referring to a period that continues
up to the time of speaking - Weve never had a car
- This is the first time I have driven a car
- Its the nicest thing Ive ever seen
- e.g. already, just,ever, never, the first
(second, third) time, recently, this morning...
9Present Perfect vs Simple Past
- UNFINISHED TIME
- I have smoked 10 cigarettes today
- Have you seen Ann in the past few days?
- Tom has worked in a bank for three years
- (He still works there)
- FINISHED TIME
- I smoked 10 cigarettes yesterday
- Did you see Ann yesterday
- Tom worked in a bank for three years
- (He no longer works there)
10- Tom cerca la chiave. Lha persa.
- Tom is looking for is key. He has lost it.
- Tom ha perso la chiave e la sta cercando.
- Tom has lost his key and is looking for it.
- Ieri Tom ha perso la chiave e la sta ancora
cercando. - Yesterday Tom lost his key and is still looking
for it.
11- Hai visto Tom da qualche parte? Sì, lho appena
visto uscire dalla biblioteca. - Hai visto Tom di recente? Sì lho visto ieri sera
12- Qualcuno ha letto lUlisse di Joyce? No non
abbiamo letto nessuna delle opere di Joyce. - Has anybody read Joyces Ulysses? No, we havent
read any of Joyces works - E la seconda volta che mi rompo una gamba, ma
non sono mai stato in ospedale. - Its the second time I have broken a leg.
- Ieri è stato il giorno peggiore della mia vita.
- Yesterday was
13Present Perfect Continuous
- Actons which began in the past and have just
stopped - It has been raining (the ground is wet)
- Actons which began in the past and have not been
finished - She has been painting the ceiling (She is
dirty/She has not finished)
14Present perfect continuousvs Present perfect
- FOCUS ON THE ACTION
- Toms hands are dirty. He has been repairing his
car - Ann has been writing letters all day
- FOCUS ON THE RESULT
- Toms car is going again. He has repaired it.
- Ann has written ten letters today
15How long?For / SincePresent Perfect/Present
Perfect Continuous
- We use the present perfect/present perfect
continuous to say how long something has existed
or has been happening. - HOW LONG?
- . (2000) ..for 9 years. (2009)
- (since 2000)
16- Tom is waiting for Mary.
- gt He started at 8.30
- gt He started 2 hours ago
- How long has he been waiting?
- gt He has been waiting since 8.30
- gt He has been waiting for 2 hours
17Present perfect vs Present Continuous
- Some verbs are not used in the continuous
- I have known him for three years
- NO!! I have been knowing him for three years
- NO!! I know him from three years
18Present perfect vs Present Continuous
- The present perfect is used for longer periods
- He has lived in Italy since he was born
- MA
- He has been living/has lived in Italy for three
years - He has been living in Italy since 2006
19Present perfect vs Present Continuous
- The present perfect is used with negatives
- I havent smoked for 2 years
- NON
- I havent been smoking for 2 years
20Presente (Italian)
- Simple present
- Present Continuous
- Present Perfect Continuous
21Passato Prossimo (Italian)
- Present Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous
- Simple Past
22Attenzione!
- E morto da due anni.
- He has been dying for two years?
- He has been dead for two years?!
- He died two years ago!!!
23Attenzione!
- E tutto il giorno che lavoro.
- I have been working all day
- NON
- Its all day that I work
24- Mary ha lavorato per quindici anni come addetto
alle vendite presso unagenzia di viaggio, ma non
le piaceva e alla fine ha rinunciato. Da un paio
di anni ha aperto una libreria e ora il suo
lavoro le piace.
25- Molly è di Dublino. E nata lì e ha vissuto lì
per tutta la vita. Non è mai stata allestero. - Conosco Molly da quando eravamo bambine, ma non
la vedo da un paio di anni. Tu lhai vista di
recente? So che lanno scorso è andata in
Inghilterra per due mesi.
26- Mio nonno è morto prima che io nascessi. Non lho
mai conosciuto. - Mio nonno è morto da trentanni.
- Mio nonno è morto trentanni fa.
27Homework
- Laviosa, Linking Wor(l)ds, UNIT 8
- Thomson-Martinet, A Practical English Grammar,
UNIT 10 UNIT 17 UNIT 18 - Murphy, English Gramamr in Use, UNITS 1-2-3 11-21