Title: Avocados
1Avocados
Human Nutrition HLTH 2001 Random Facts
- In the Guinness Book of Records as the most
nutritious fruit known to man - Unique in that it only ripens once picked
- Contain monounsaturated fat
- Source of antioxidants vit A, C and E
- Contain folate (impt during pregnancy)
- potassium (impt for fluid balance)
- Good source of protein, vit B6
- Low in sodium
- High in fibre
2Human Nutrition Lecture 2 Dietary Adequacy
3Revision
- Whitney Rolfes
- Understanding Nutrition, 10th Ed. 2005
- Appendix E to revise why different types of
assessment are conducted - eg FFQ vs 24 hr recall
- Health history vs biochemical assessment
4Dietary Adequacy
- Dietary Reference Intakes
- Standards that define the amounts of
- Energy
- Nutrients
- dietary components
- physical activity
- that BEST SUPPORT HEALTH
5- RDA/RDI vs NRVs
- RDA (American)- text book
- Recommended Dietary Allowance
- Recommended Daily Allowance
- RDI (Australian)
- Recommended Dietary Intake ?
- Recommended Daily Intake
- NRVs (New Australian Standards)
- Nutrient Reference Values
6Australian Standards
- RDI - recommended dietary intake
- Nutrient Reference Values
- Revised 2006
- Dietary Guidelines for Australians
7- Definition of RDI
- The levels of intake of essential nutrients
considered to be adequate to meet the known
nutritional needs of nearly all healthy people.
8RDIs
- Established in 1991 and revised in 1997
- Population based
- age/gender categories
- generous allowance to include variation in
digestion absorption
9- the attached a URL (hyperlinked) is for The
Australian Dietary Guidelines in case you want to
look at them more closely - for children adolescents in Australia
- for Australian adults
- The guidelines have recently been reviewed.
10Dietary Guidelines for Australians
11Final Outcome
12Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs)
NRVs for Australia and NZ released in 2006
13Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs)
- The NRVs are made up of the following
- Estimated average requirements (EAR)
- Recommended dietary intake (RDI)
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) in USA and
thus in textbook - Adequate intakes (AI)
- Upper limits (UL)
- Suggested dietary targets (SDTs)
- Estimated energy requirement (EER)
- Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)
14Estimated average requirements (EAR)
- The amount of a nutrient estimated to meet the
requirements of half the healthy individuals of a
particular age and gender. - This value is the median usual intake of the
population. - Once the EAR was set, an RDI could be derived
15Recommended dietary intake (RDI)
- The average amount of a nutrient needed each day
to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy
individuals of a particular age and gender.
16RDIs
RDI EAR 2SDEAR
17Adequate intakes (AI)
- Used when an EAR and therefore RDI cannot be
determined because of limited or inconsistent
data. - RDIs are derived from EARs. When the EAR is not
known or is unclear, AIs based on the mean intake
of the population known not to have a deficiency
has been adopted.
18Upper limits (UL)
- ULs have been set to avoid toxicity or other
symptoms. - Tolerable Upper Intake Level
- The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that
appears safe for most people ad beyond which
there is an increased risk of adverse health
effects
19How these terms are Applied
Although NRVs are expressed on a PER DAY basis,
they should apply to intakes assessed over a
period of 3-4 days
20Suggested dietary targets (SDTs)
- The amount of a nutrient required to prevent or
reduce the risk of chronic disease.
21Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
- The average amount of energy (kJ) predicted to
maintain weight and good health for a healthy
adult of a particular - age,
- gender
- weight
- height
- level of physical activity
22Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
(AMDR)
- The estimated range required for each
macronutrient that would allow for an adequate
intake of all other nutrients, whilst maximising
general health. - expressed as a contribution to energy
- Eg 45 Carbohydrate
23Old RDIs vs New NRVs
- RDI is just one component of the NRVs
- There are now recommendations for a wider range
of nutrients
24Nutrients that are Included in the NRVs
25Old RDIs vs New NRVs
- Nutrients which have recommendations for the
first time are - Fibre - while recommendations for fibre did exist
previously, they were not included as part of the
old RDIs. - Carbohydrate - recommendations for infants have
been included. - Fats - recommendations for essential fatty acids
have been included. - Water
- Vitamins - biotin, pantothenic acid, choline,
vitamin K. - Minerals - chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine,
manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus.
26Old RDIs vs New NRVs
- Changes have also been made to the recommended
intakes of some nutrients. - Recommended intakes have increased for
- thiamine, B6, B12, folate, vitamin A (for men
only), calcium, zinc (for men only), iron and
magnesium. - Recommendations have decreased for
- riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A (for women only),
zinc (for women only), selenium and sodium
(salt).
27Old RDIs vs New NRVs
- Vitamin A previously had a recommended daily
intake (RDI) of 750 mg for men and women aged
19-54 years. -
28Summary of NRVs
- The RDIs, EARs and AIs are set at levels to avoid
deficiency diseases - The UL is set to limit harm
Danger of toxicity
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Marginal
SDT
Safety
RDI or AI
The SDTs aim to prevent or reduce the risk of
chronic disease.
Estimated Average Requirement
Marginal
Danger of deficiency
29Example Long chain Omega-3 (DHA/EPA/DPA) mg/day
NHMRC. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia
and New Zealand. Commonwealth of Australia, 2006.
30How is this information used?
- Ensure nutritional adequacy for therapeutic diets
- eg. low fat diets ? Vitamin A
- a guide for planning menus
- eg. AIS dining room or military
31How is this information used?
- assessment of nutritional adequacy for an
individual - eg. your personal dietary analysis
- used in nutrition labelling
- eg. RDI claims on breakfast cereals
32- Sanitarium Fruity Bix
- Serving size 40g (approx. 10 biscuits).
- per serve per 100g
- Energy (kJ) 580 1420
- Protein (g) 3.5 8.8
- Fat (g) 0.6 1.4
- Carbohydrate
- total (g) 29 72
- sugars (g) 7.4 18.6
- Thiamin (mg) 0.55 (50) 1.37
- Riboflavin (mg) 0.42 (25) 1.05
- Niacin (mg) 2.5 (25) 6.2
- Iron (mg) 3.0 (25) 7.5
- RDI (Australia)
33- RDIs for use in Australia (Web link)
- Recommended Dietary Intakes for Australians
- Useful for dietary analysis practical report
34Recommended Reading
- Whitney Rolfes
- Understanding Nutrition, 11th Ed. 2005
- Chapter 1. Nutrition Assessment (section)
- Chapter 2 Planning a Healthy Diet (whole
chapter) - Walqvist (Editor)
- Food Nutrition, 2nd Ed. 2002
- Chapter 35. Nutrition Assessment monitoring
(whole chapter)