Plants

1
Plants

• Read pg 398-420, 470-489
• HW 418 1-18
• HW 492 1-20, 26
• Fruit homework (youll see)

2
Characteristics

• Most plants are green due to their chlorophyll.
• All contain cell walls made of cellulose.
• Plants are autotrophic, producing their own
  energy from sunlight.
• 2 major categories
• Gymnosperms early seed plants, flowerless
• Angiosperms flowering plants

3
Reviewing cell anatomy

• Unique parts
• Cellulose cell wall
• Large vacuole
• chloroplasts

4
Evolution

• Bryophytes?Seedless vascular plants?gymnosperms?an
  giosperms
• Bryophytes are small leafy or flat plants that
  are evolutionarily the transition between green
  algae to vascular plants
• Ex some mosses
• Seedless vascular plants are mainly roots
  shoots
• Ex Ferns
• Gymnosperms produce seeds
• Ex Conifer trees (pine trees)

5
Gross Anatomy

• Major tissues in plants
• Roots, stems, leaves, and sometimes flowers
• Xylem and phloem
• Xylem transports water along a plant stem
• Phloem transports foods/nutrients
• Stoma
• Specialized cells in leaves that open and close
  to allow gas exchange.

6
Shoots Roots

• Roots
• Anchor
• Uptake water and minerals/nutrients
• 2 types Tap roots, fibrous roots
• Stems
• Where shoots and buds arise from. Lateral and
  vertical expansion of the plant.
• Provides support and transfers uptake from roots
  to the rest of the plant.
• Leaves
• Main food production. Broad structures capture
  sunlight.
• Often waxy to prevent water loss.
• Flowers are considered specialized shoots.

7
Seeds

• What is a seed?
• A seed is a mature ovule containing an embryo.
• Gymnosperm means naked seed and these are the
  first plants to produce seeds evolutionarily.
• Pollination is the transference of a male
  gametophyte (pollen) to a female gametophyte
  (ovule) and fertilization results in a seed.

8
Flowering plants

• Angiosperms belong to the phylum Anthophyta.
• Split into two major categories monocots and
  eudicots.
• Fruits and seeds use a variety of dispersion
  methods
• Animals
• Water
• wind

9
Monocot vs Dicot

• Monocots are plants with one cotyledon (or
  seed-leaf), triplet flowers, and parallel veins.
• Good examples of monocots are
• Grasses
• True grains (rice, wheat, corn)
• Palm trees, banana trees
• Onion family (onion and garlic
• Eudicots are plants with 2 (ditwo) cotyledons,
  flowers in multiples of 4/5, and branched veins.
• Most other flowering plants are eudicots.

10
2 phase life cycle

• All plants undergo an alternation of generations.
• A switch from diploid (2n) generation to haploid
  (n) generation where structures differ.

11
Life Spans

• Another way to classify plants is the length of
  time they live
• Annuals Plants that live and die in one year or
  growing season. Most vegetables and flowers are
  annuals.
• Biennials These plants complete a lifecycle in 2
  years. Carrots, beats, and some flowers are
  biennials.
• Perennials These plants continue to grow year
  after year. Trees are good examples of perennial
  plants.

12
Fruits!

• 1. apples,2. oranges,3. peaches,4. bananas,5.
  berries - i.e. strawberries, raspberries,
  blueberries, etc.6. pears7. any fruit not
  listedextras -kiwis, cantaloupes, melons,
  papayas, pineapples, red/green peppers, avocados

13

• Other things
• Plant defense
• Special structures (thorns etc)
• Hormones
• Flower structure
• Plant diversity
• Fruit
• Agriculture/human benefits