Chapter 11 The Triumphs

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Chapter 11 The Triumphs Travails of
Jeffersonian Democracy

• 1800-1812

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1-1 Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

• In the presidential contest of 1800 Adams and
  Jefferson were the respective representatives of
  their parties
• Federalists labored under heavy handicaps
• -Their alien and Sedition Acts had acquired them
  
• many enemies
• -the Hamiltonian wing of the Federalist party
  openly
• split from president Adams
• Most damaging blow to Federalist was the refusal
  of Adams to go to war with France
• -with expensive war preparations public debt and
  new taxes people were left all dressed up with
  no place to go

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1-2 Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

• Federalists on the defense focused solely on
  Jefferson who became victim of one of the
  earliest whispering campaigns
• -Jefferson was accused of robbing a widow women
  and having numerous mulatto children with his
  own slave
• As liberal in religion Jefferson had earlier
  suffered the wrath of the orthodox clergy mainly
  because his successful struggle to separate
  church from state in Virginia
• Jefferson was accused of being an atheist by the
  strongholds of the Federalism and
  Congregationalism

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2-1 The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800

• Jefferson won by a majority of 73-65 electoral
  votes
• Adams gained greater strength than 4 years
  earlier
• Jefferson and Burr (his VP running mate) received
  the same number of electoral votes for the
  presidency
• Under the constitution the tie could only be
  broken by the House of Representatives
• The House was controlled for months by
  Federalists who preferred Burr and hated
  Jefferson

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2-2 The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800

• Voting in the House took an exhaustingly long
  time
• Few Federalists refrained from voting, giving the
  win to Jefferson
• Jefferson remarked the election of 1800 was a
  revolution compared to the election of 1776
• The peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the
  basis of an election whose results all parties
  accepted
• Remarkable for such a young after the partisan
  politics of Adamss presidency
• Comparable successions would not take place in
  Britain for another generation

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3-1-The Federalist Finale

• John Adams was the last Federalist president.
• The Federalists had built a strong, peaceful
  foundation for the new government. They were the
  half-way house between the European past and the
  American future
• By 1800, the Federalist were unwilling to appeal
  to the common people, and they eventually died
  out.

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4-1 Responsibility breeds Moderation

• March 4, 1801- Jefferson is inaugurated at the
  new capital (Washington D.C.)
• In his address he states that all Americans are
  Federalists, Republicans and all were all (a
  mixture). Also, pledged a honest friendship with
  all nations, entangling alliances with none.
• Jefferson was simple, frugal, unconventional,
  sloppy and started sending messages to Congress
  with a clerk.
• Jefferson had two sides to his life.
• Philosophical Private Citizen
• Practical Public Official

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4-2-Responsibility Breeds Moderation

• Jefferson Didnt dismiss many federalists and
  people who wanted their seats complained few
  die, none resign.
• Jefferson relied on personal charm because his
  party was so disunited.

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5-1 Jeffersonian Restraint Helps to Further a
Revolution

• Jefferson was determined to undo the Federalist
  abuses begotten by the anti-French hysteria
• The Alien and Sedition Acts
• had expired
• the incoming president pardoned the martyrs who
  were serving sentences under the Sedition Act
• the government many fines
• The naturalization law of 1802
• enacted by the Jeffersonians
• reduced the requirement for citizenship from 14
  years of residence to 5 years

• Jefferson hated excise tax (of the Hamiltonian
  system)
• believed it bred bureaucrats and bore heavily on
  his farmer following
• he persuaded Congress early on to repeal it
• Albert Gallatin - Watcdog of the Treasury
• Hamiltons secretary of treasury
• agreed with Jefferson that the national debt was
  a bane rather than a blessing
• he was able to reduce it substantially while
  balancing the budget

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5-2 Jeffersonian Restraint Helps to Further a
Revolution

• Jeffersonians
• did not tamper with the Federalist programs for
  funding the national debt at par and assuming the
  Revolutionary War debts of the states
• they launched no attack on the Bank of the United
  States
• they did not repeal the mildly protective
  Federalist tariff
• they later embraced Federalism
• to such a degree as to recharter a bigger bank
  and boost the protective tariff to higher levels
• Jeffersons moderation
• further cemented the gains of the Revolution of
  1800
• which consisted of above all in the peaceful
  replacement of one governing party by another
• Jefferson showed
• by absorbing some major Federalist programs, that
  a change of regime didnt have to be disastrous
  for the defeated group
• his restraint pointed the way to the two-party
  system that would later become a characteristic
  feature of American politics

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6-1 The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in
  their last days of Congress domination in 1801,
  packed newly created judgeships with
  Federalist-backing men (midnight judges) so as
  to prolong their legacy
• Jefferson condemned these last minute appointees,
  denouncing the trickery of the Federalists

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6-2 The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• The newly elected Republican Congress bestirred
  itself to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801 in the
  year after its passage
• Jeffersonians thus swept sixteen benches from
  under the recently seated midnight judges
• Jeffersonians also had their eyes on Chief
  Justice John Marshall, a cousin of Jefferson, had
  served at Valley Forge during the War, and he had
  been impressed with the drawbacks of no central
  authority, and thus, he became a lifelong
  Federalist, committed to strengthening the power
  of the federal government

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6-3 The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• One of the midnight judges presented Marshall
  with a historic opportunity
• William Marbury had been one of the midnight
  judges appointed by John Adams in his last hours
  as president. He had been named justice of peace
  for D.C., but when Secretary of State James
  Madison decided to shelve the position, he sued
  for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case,
  but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
  unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the
  Supreme Court could determine the
  constitutionality of laws

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6-4 The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• In this self-denying opinion, Marshall greatly
  magnified the authority of the Court
• Until the case of Marshall vs. Madison
  controversy had clouded the question of who had
  the final authority to determine the meaning of
  the constitution
• Jefferson tried to allot that right to the
  individual rights, but his cousin had cleverly
  promoted the contrary principle of the judicial
  review

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6-5 The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• Marshalls decision regarding Marbury spurred the
  Jeffersonians to seek revenge
• Jefferson urged the impeachment of an arrogant
  Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase
• After being voted on by the House, the
  impeachment charges were passed onto the Senate
  who failed to muster enough votes to convict and
  remove Chase

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7-1 The Pacifist Jefferson Turns Warrior

•  Jefferson reduced the militia to 2500 men, and
  navies were reduced a bit to peacetime footing.
• The pirates of the North African Barbary States
  were still looting U.S. ships
• in 1801, the pasha of Tripoli indirectly declared
  war when he cut down the flagstaff of the
  American consulate.

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7-2 The Pacifist Jefferson Turns Warrior

• Non-Interventionist Jefferson had to decide
  whether or not to fight
• he reluctantly set the infant navy to the shores
  of Tripoli, where fighting continued for four
  years until Jefferson succeeded in extorting a
  treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 for 60,000.

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7-3 The Pacifist Jefferson Turns Warrior

• The small, mobile gunboats used in the Tripolitan
  War fascinated Jefferson, and he spent money to
  build about 200 of them
• These boats did little against large battleships
• Money could have been more wisely invested in
  frigates (warships, usually of 4,000 to 9,000
  displacement tons)

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8-1 The Louisiana Godsend

• Napoleon Bonaparte induced the king of Spain to
  give to France the trans-Mississippi region of
  Louisiana
• So, then the Spanish withdrew the right of
  deposit privileges guaranteed in the treaty of
  1795
• Upset farmers greatly because they used the Miss.
  to transport goods to oceangoing vessels
• Jefferson wanted to avoid a war with Spain and
  France

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8-2 The Louisiana Godsend

• So then to avoid war Jefferson sent Monroe to
  Paris to become a good friend of regular minister
  Livingston
• He told Monroe he would buy New Orleans and as
  much land east as they could get with 10 million
• Also if war was necessary Jefferson wanted to
  become allies with England

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8-3 The Louisiana Godsend

• All of sudden Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana
• Failed to reconquer Santo Domingo which would
  supply Louisiana with food
• Also he was about to end a 20 month lull with
  Britain (thought he would be forced to give the
  land to Britain as a gift)
• Napoleon hoped the U.S. would be strengthened by
  Louisiana and would be able to overthrow the
  British

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8-4 The Louisiana Godsend

• On April 30, 1803 they signed the treaty that
  said Louisiana now belonged to the United States
  for 15 million
• Jefferson felt uncomfortable because he didnt
  know whether or not the president could negotiate
  treaties.
• After the public found out the Senators approved
  the transaction
• Then the U.S. doubled in size

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9-1 Louisiana in the Long View

• Jefferson, in one fell swoop, avoided conflict
  with France and Britain and simultaneously nearly
  doubled the land mass of America
• Jefferson sent William Clark, his personal
  secretary, and Meriwether Lewis, a young army
  officer, to lead an expedition into the new
  territory

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9-2 Louisiana in the Long View

• Sacagawea, a Shoshoni Indian, served as a guide
  for the two
• They trekked throughout the expanse of the
  territories
• They had many scientific findings, as well as
  many adventurous escapades
• They were not only trying to find a viable water
  route, but also a land route

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9-3 Louisiana in the Long View

• Zebulon M. Pike was another explorer of the West
• He trekked into the Mississippi Valley, and later
  into Colorado, where he saw Pikes Peak
• The Louisiana territory served as a unifier of
  Americans, and also weakened the power of the
  Federalists

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9-4 Louisiana in the Long View

• The federalist party dissolved around this time,
  with the death of Alexander Hamilton, who was
  killed in a duel with Aaron Burr
• Aaron Burr went on to be arrested, tried, and
  acquitted
• The Louisiana Purchase ultimately brought a
  deeper sense of loyalty to Americans

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10- 1 America A Nutcrackered Neutral

• Jefferson was reelected in 1804
• Britain won the Battle of Tafalgar giving them
  supremacy of the seas
• Napoleon won the Battle of the Three Emperors
• This gave France and Britain the chance to reign
  supreme in what they wanted

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10- 2 America A Nutcracked Neutral

• London made the Orders of Council which closed
  the ports under French control to foreign
  shipping unless the vessels first stopped at a
  British port
• Napoleon ordered the seizure of all merchant
  ships that entered British ports
• Napoleon also impressed about 6000 American seamen

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10- 3 America A Nutcrackered Neutral

• A British warship demanded the surrender of four
  deserters on the U.S. Chesapeake
• The captain of the Chesapeake wouldnt give them
  the four men so the British shot three
  cannonballs into the ship
• This angered Jefferson and all of America

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11-1 Jeffersons Backfiring Embargo

• In order to try to stop the British and French
  seizure of American ships, Jefferson resorted to
  an embargo because, Britain and France depended
  on U.S. goods
• Also, the U.S. still had a weak navy and a weaker
  army and didnt want a armed combat between
  themselves and England

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11-2 Jeffersons Backfiring Embargo

• The Embargo Act of late 1807 forbade the export
  of all goods from the United States, whether in
  American or foreign ships
• The result was deserted docks, rotting ships in
  the harbors, and empty soup kitchens, and
  Jefferson's embargo hurt the same New England
  merchants that it was trying to protect
• The New Englands commerce was harmed more that
  that of France and Britain
• Farmers of the South and West were alarmed by the
  mounting piles of unexportable cotton, grain, and
  tobacco
• Illegal trade peaked in 1808, when people
  resorted to smuggling again

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11-3 Jeffersons Backfiring Embargo

• Finally, coming to their senses and feeling the
  publics anger, Congress repealed the act on
  March 1, 1809, three days before Jeffersons
  retirement and replaced it with the
  Non-Intercourse Act, which reopened trade with
  all the nations of the world, except France and
  England
• Thus, economic restraint continued as they still
  couldnt trade with France and England

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11-4 Jeffersons Backfiring Embargo

• The embargo did affect Britain, and had it been
  continued, it might have succeeded
• In fact, two days before Congress declared war in
  June 1812, London ordered the Orders in Council
  to be suspended

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12-1 Jeffersons Legacy

• Retained popularity despite embargo
• Father of the two term presidency
• Supported the nomination of James Madison
• Died with John Adams on 4 of July 1826

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13-1 Madison Dupe of Napoleon
During His Presidency
Madison decided to align the US w/France
commercially, due to Napoleons trickery. Once
against England commercially, the US became
closer with France, even militarily.

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, which limited the
  substitute for the embargo (mainly targeted at
  Britain and France), expired. To protect and
  uphold American rights, Congress passed the
  Macons Bill No. 2 in 1810 (permitted American
  trade worldwide, but if Britain/France repealed
  comm. restrict., US would reinstate
  nonimportation against nonrepealing nations.

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14-1 War Whoops Arouse the War Hawks

• In 1811, new politicians replaced the old ones
  and appointed Henry Clay as Speaker of the House.
• Many politicians were concerned about the Indian
  problems on the frontier
• Whites were beginning to encroach on Indian land
  in Kentucky
• Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet
  gathered followers to rebel against the white
  settlers
• They urged their followers to wear only
  traditional native dress, not to acknowledge
  white presence in their areas, and to never cede
  land to the white man unless all Indians agreed.

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14-2 War Whoops Arouse the War Hawks

• On November 7, 1811, General William Henry
  Harrison burned down Tecumsehs headquarters at
  Tippecanoe
• Tecumseh was later killed during the Battle of
  Thames in 1813, and the dream of an Indian
  confederacy was shattered
• In the South, General Andrew Jackson defeated the
  Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on
  March 27, 1814
• These defeats left the entire frontier east of
  the Mississippi River open for safe settlement
• The war Hawks felt that the only true way to rid
  the United States of the Indians was to attack
  their stronghold Canada.
• In 1812, war was declared with a house vote of 70
  to 49 and a Senate vote of 19 to 13
• The small margin by which the war was approved
  clearly demonstrates the lack of unity among the
  United states.

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15-1 Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

• Fletcher v. Deck (1810) arose when a Georgia
  legislature swayed by bribery granted 35 million
  acres in the Yazoo River (Mississippi) to private
  speculators
• The Supreme Court with Marshall presiding decreed
  that the legislature grant was a contract and
  that the constitution forbids state law
  impairing contracts
• -one of the earliest clear assertions of the
  right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state
  laws conflicting with the federal
  constitution
• Similar principal was upheld into eh case of
  Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
• The college had been granted a charter by King
  George III in 1769 but the democratic New
  Hampshire state legislature had seen fit to
  change it

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15-2 Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

• Dartmouth appealed the case employing as counsel
  its most distinguished alumnus
• Marshall needed no dramatics in this case and
  firmly ruled that the charter must stand
• Daniel Webster was an Expounding Father of the
  Constitution, time and time again he left his
  seat in senate and went down to the supreme Court
  Chambers and voiced his Idealistic and
  nationalistic philosophies
• Websters classic speeches in the senate
  challenging the States rights and nullification
  were largely repetitious of the arguments that he
  had earlier presented to the Supreme Court
• Through Marshall the conservative Hamiltonians
  party triumphed