Chapter Seventeen The Romantic Era

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Chapter SeventeenThe Romantic Era

• Culture and Values, 6th Ed.
• Cunningham and Reich

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The Concerns of Romanticism

• Expression of personal feelings
• Emotionality, subjectivity
• Individual creative imagination
• Mystical attachment to nature

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The Intellectual Background

• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Transcendental idealism
• Critique of Judgment (1790)
• Art reconciles opposites
• Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
• Synthesis of thesis, antithesis
• Optimistic World Spirit

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The Intellectual Background

• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
• Dominating world power is evil
• The World as Will and Idea (1819)
• Despondency, pessimism, gloom
• Karl Marx (1818-1883)
• Universal proletariat, revolution
• Artistic realism social and political
• Anti-capitalism

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Industrial Development, Scientific Progress

• Railroads, factories
• a wilderness of human beings
• Physics, chemistry
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
• Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
• Theory of evolution, natural selection
• Social Darwinism

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Music in the Romantic EraLudwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827)

• Pioneer of musical Romanticism
• Pathétique
• Rooted in classical principles
• Autobiographical emotionality
• Eroica
• the memory of a great man
• Classical structure Romantic elements

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Music in the Romantic EraLudwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827)

• Fidelo
• Love of liberty, hatred of oppression
• Triumph over fate
• Pastoral
• Ode to Joy
• Universality of individual emotion

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Music in the Romantic EraInstrumental Music
After Beethoven

• Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
• Fantastic Symphony
• Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
• Personal emotion
• More than six hundred Lieder (songs)
• Unfinished Symphony

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Music in the Romantic EraInstrumental Music
After Beethoven

• Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
• Conservative Romanticism
• Symphony No. 1, intermezzo
• Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)
• Catholicism, mystical vision
• Symphony No. 8, adagio

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Music in the Romantic EraThe Age of the
Virtuosos

• Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)
• Mazurkas, polonaises
• the soul of the piano
• Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
• Hungarian folk tunes
• Faust, Dante
• Nicolò Paganini
• Violin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration

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Music in the Romantic EraMusical Nationalism

• Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881)
• Boris Godunov (1874)
• Russian folksongs, religious music
• Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)
• Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

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Music in the Romantic EraOpera in Italy Verdi
(1813-1901)

• Bel canto
• Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)
• Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)
• Dramatic, psychological truth
• Contemporary life issues
• La Traviata (1853)
• Otello (1887)

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Music in the Romantic EraOpera in Germany
Wagner (1813-1883)

• Gesamtkunstwerk
• Wagnerian characteristics
• Musical flow
• Elimination of virtuosity
• Emphasis on orchestra
• Leitmotiv
• Universal drama, universal emotion
• The Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874)
• Tristan and Isolde (1865)

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Romantic ArtPainting at the Turn of the Century

• Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
• Conceptual vs. personal emotion
• Francisco Goya (1746-1828)
• Execution of the Madrileños (1814)
• No idealization
• Persuasive emotionality
• Personal commitment, vision

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Romantic ArtPainting Architecture in France

• Géricaults Raft of the Medusa (1818)
• Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863)
• Use of color to create form
• Violent, emotional scenes
• The Death of Sardanapalus (1826)
• Ingres defense of classicism
• La Comtesse dHaussonville (1845)

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Romantic ArtPainting Architecture in France

• French Realists
• Honoré Daumier (1808-1879)
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
• French architecture
• Classical forms, ornamentation
• Riot of confusion

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Romantic ArtPainting in Germany and England

• Landscape as Romantic device
• Friedrichs Cloister Graveyard (1810)
• Constables Hay Wain (1821)
• Turners Slave Ship (1840)

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Nineteenth-Century LiteratureGoethe (1749-1832)

• Clarity, balance?abtruse symbolism
• Sturm und Drang
• Nature, emotion, anti-authority
• Sufferings of humanity
• Demonic forces
• Eternal Feminine

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Nineteenth-Century LiteratureRomantic Poetry

• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
• Founded Romantic movement
• Emotion recollected in tranquility
• Lord Byron (1788-1824)
• Tormented Romantic hero, Byronic
• Personal liberty, freedom

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Nineteenth-Century LiteratureRomantic Poetry

• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
• Atheism, anarchy
• Perfectability of humanity
• Unification of extreme emotions
• John Keats (1795-1821)
• Tragedy of existence, peace of death

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Nineteenth-Century LiteratureThe Novel

• To entertain and instruct
• Hugos Les Misérables (1862)
• Romanticism social conscience
• Flauberts Madame Bovary (1856-7)
• Realism, naturalist depictions
• Balzacs The Human Comedy
• Contemporary social, political issues
• Artistic unity

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Nineteenth-Century LiteratureThe Novel

• George Sand (1804-1876)
• Issues of gender, moral equality
• Tolstoys War and Peace (1863-9)
• Natural person vs. civilization
• Female novelists, social critics
• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
• Social justice, evil institutions

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The Romantic Era in AmericaAmerican Literature

• European influencesindividuality
• Transcendentalists
• Unity of humans with nature
• Emerson, Thoreau
• Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
• Importance of the individual, freedom
• Humanity united with the universe

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The Romantic Era in AmericaAmerican Literature

• Emily Dickinson (1830-1881)
• Balance of passion, reason
• Psychology, faith, skepticism
• Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter (1850)
• Evil in society
• Melvilles Moby Dick (1851)
• Profound moral issues
• Search for truth, self-discovery

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The Romantic Era in AmericaAmerican Painting

• Significance of landscape painting
• Natural beautymoral beauty
• Hudson River School, Luminists
• Winslow Homer (1836-1910)
• Realism, naturalism, drama
• Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)
• Scientific accuracy, objective truth

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Chapter Seventeen Discussion Questions

• In what ways did Romantic art alienate the
  artist? How did it serve to create a more
  national artistic identity? Explain.
• Explain how the industrial, technological, and
  scientific developments of the nineteenth century
  functioned as catalysts for the Romantic
  movement. Cite specific examples that illustrate
  your answer.
• Consider the role of the landscape in
  nineteenth-century painting. What psychological
  and philosophical statements are prevalent during
  this period with regard to humanity and nature?
  How is this relationship different from earlier
  centuries? Explain the this change in perspective.