The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic

1
Chapter 11

• The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian
  Republic
• 1800 - 1812

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Chronology 1800 - 1812
1800 Jefferson Elected President 1805 07 Pikes expedition
1801 Judiciary Act 1807 Embargo Act
1801- Naval War Tripoli 1808 Madison elected pres.
1802 Naturalization law revised 1809 Non Intercourse Act replaces Embargo Act
1803 Marbury vs. Madison 1810 Macons Bill No. 2
1803 Louisiana Purchase 1811 Battle Tippecanoe
1804 Jefferson Reelected 1812 USA declares war on Great Britain
1804 06 Lewis and Clark expedition
1805- Tripoli peace treaty
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• Election 1800 Federalists and Democratic
  Republicans function as two national political
  parties.
• John Adams ( Federalist ) Favored strong
  central government and public order
• Thomas Jefferson ( Democratic Republican )
  Favored an agrarian economy, liberty, and states
  rights
• In the next 12 years Jeffersonians face a series
  of opportunities and crises.

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Jeffersons Presidency 1801 - 1809
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Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

• Adams No war with France. War preparations
  cause debt and required new taxes, including a
  stamp act.
• Military preparations unnecessary
• This is a damaging blow to the Federalists

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Jefferson Attacked

• Federalists accuse Jefferson of
• Robbing a widow and her children of a trust fund
• Fathered numerous mulatto children by his own
  slave women
• Deist

7
Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800

• Jefferson won with 73 electoral votes to Adams
  65
• Three fifths clause helped Jefferson win
• Counts 3/5 of the slave population in the south
  toward electoral college representation
• Every 5 slaves equals 3 people
• Helps a Southerner win

8
Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800

• Jefferson and Aaron Burr both tied for electoral
  votes for presidency
• Tie broken only by House of Reps
• Controlled by Federalists
• Some Federalists seek moderation from Jefferson,
  did not vote

9
Responsibility Breeds Moderation

• Jefferson inaugurated on March 4, 1801 in the new
  capitol Washington D.C
• New capitols rustic setting more appealing to
  Jefferson than elegant atmosphere in Philadelphia
• Jefferson forced to reverse many of his
  democratic principles
• Examples Louisiana Purchase, War with Tripoli
• Rely on charm. Political party weak.

10
Jeffersonian Restraint

• Wanted to undo Federalist Abuses
• Pardoned martyrs serving sentences under
  Sedition Act. Remitted any fines.
• 1802 New Naturalization Law reduce 14 years
  residence to 5 .

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Jeffersonian Restraint

• Repeal of excise tax would cost government
  millions of dollars a year in revenue
• Kept most Federalist programs
• Showed that a change in power is not so
  disastrous for the losing party

12
Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• (Death Bed) Judiciary Act 1801 one of last laws
  passed by expiring Federalist congress
• Created 16 new federal judgeships and judicial
  offices
• Democratic Republicans saw that as a Federalist
  attempt to entrench themselves within one of 3
  branches of government.

13
Dead Clutch of the Judiciary

• Chief Justice John Marshall, a cousin of
  Jefferson, has shaped American Legal tradition.
• Suffered at Valley Forge from cold and hunger.
• Became lifelong Federalist. Wanted strengthen
  central government

14
Marbury vs. Madison

• Several of the commissions of midnight judges
  not delivered.
• Secretary of State James Madison asked to hold on
  to commissions.
• Marbury angry that his commission not delivered.
  Sues Madison on the basis of the Judiciary Act of
  1789
• Supreme court rules Judiciary Act of 1789
  conflicts with the constitution and therefore is
  unconstitutional

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Marbury vs. Madison

• Marshall establishes judicial review
• The constitution is the supreme law of the land
• Supreme Court has last word on a question of
  constitutionality
• Jeffersonians try to impeach Judge Samuel Chase,
  but fail

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Jefferson, a reluctant Warrior

• Reduce military establishment to police force of
  2500 men
• Wanted to establish peaceful coercion with rest
  of world
• Peaceful Coercion Fix problems through
  diplomacy
• America step away from bloody wars
• Step away from alliances in Europe

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The Barbary States
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War with Tripoli

• Barbary states pirating merchant ships.
• Tripoli declare war on US 1801- Infant navy sent
  to Tripoli.
• Fighting for 4 years- Peace treaty 1805 at a
  price of 60,000

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Louisiana Godsend

• Secret Pact between France and Spain
• A transfer of Trans Mississippi Region from
  Spain to France
• 1803 James Monroe and Robert Livingston
  (American negotiator) sent to Paris to purchase
  New Orleans for 10 million
• Two events change Napoleons mind
• Failed to reconquer Island Santo Domingo in the
  Caribbean
• Conflict with Britain about to end

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Louisiana Purchase

• French Minister asked Livingston how much he
  would give for all of Louisiana
• Treaties signed on April 30, 1809 ceding
  Louisiana from France to the US for 15 million
• Jefferson conscience stricken-
• Where in constitution did it allow a president to
  negotiate treaties incorporating vast a amount of
  land?

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Land ceded to US from Louisiana Purchase
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Louisiana in the long view

• Purchase contributed to foundations of future
  major power
• Jeffersons vision of an agrarian republic was
  now reality
• France- last significant power in New World
  removed
• Jefferson sends Lewis and Clark to explore
  northern part of Louisiana Purchase in 1804

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Lewis and Clark

• Aided by Shoshoni Woman Sacagawea travel up
  Missouri River up to the Pacific
• 2 and ½ years made scientific observations, maps,
  and knowledge of Indians in the region.
• Other explorers M Pike 1805 06 explored
  waters Mississippi river
• Pikes Peak A mountain in the Rockies S
  Colorado

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Lewis and Clark expedition
25
Aaron Burr Conspiracies

• Dropped from cabinet in second term
• He then joined a group of Federalists in a plot
  to secede New England and New York from the
  union.
• Alexander Hamilton exposed the conspiracy-
  challenged him to a duel
• Kills Hamilton in one shot
• Another plot with General Wilkerson to separate
  Western of US from East
• Arrested and tried for treason

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Hamilton Burr Duel
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A Precarious Neutrality

• Napoleon sparked a new war with Britain
• London government issues Orders in Council
• Closes European ports under French control to
  foreign shipping, unless ships stop at British
  port.

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A Precarious Neutrality

• Napoleon then ordered the taking American ships
• British seized American seamen some 6000
  citizens taken from 1808 -1811

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Hated Embargo

• Embargo Act 1807 forbade export from US,
  whether in American or foreign ships
• Jefferson believed that if the US cut their
  exports, then France and Britains economies
  would be damaged
• This would then force the two to stop fighting
• 1809 Congress repeal Embargo Act Pass Non
  Intercourse Act
• Reopens trade with all nations except Britain and
  France

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Hated Embargo

• Why did Embargo fail?
• Latin American ports open to British ships
• Napoleon able to go without American trade.
  Continued to steal American ships.
• New England economy hurt the most

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Madisons Gamble

• 1810 - Macons Bill No 2 Britain or France
  repeal commercial restrictions then US open
  embargo against non repealing nation
• Orders of Council will be lifted if Napoleon
  takes away French decrees
• Madison accepted French offers as evidence of
  repeal.
• Now British has 3 months revoke Orders of Council
  open trade neutral
• Britain does not act Madisons gamble fails
• US establish embargo against Britain

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War Hawks

• War Hawks congressmen under who favor war
• Also wanted to wipe out new Indian threat in the
  Allegheny wilderness
• In favor of war with Great Britain

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Tecumseh and The Prophet
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Tecumseh and The Prophet

• Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and his Brother
  Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) set up Confederacy of
  all tribes east of Mississippi
• Do not cede land to Whites unless agreed upon by
  all Tribes
• Battle Tippecanoe Took place outside
  Prophetstown near modern day Battle Ground,
  Indiana
• Shawnees routed and Settlement burned

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Battle of Tippecanoe -1811
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Mr. Madisons War

• Spring 1812 war inevitable. British arm
  hostile Indians and War hawks push Madison make
  decision.
• Turned to war to restore confidence in the
  Republican experiment
• Congress declares war June 1, 1812 Vote House
  79 49, Senate 19 - 13