Chapter 15 Notes

1
Chapter 15 Notes

• A Divided Nation

2

• The Compromise of 1850 seemed a triumph of good
  statesmanship. It postponed a confrontation over
  the issue of secession. The election of 1852
  marked the beginning of the end for the Whig
  Party. There was little talk about states
  seceding from the Union.

3

• In the North the Fugitive Slave Act caused great
  resentment among whites and fear among free
  blacks. The law favored slave catchers over
  fugitive slaves. People saw and heard about
  dramatic incidents of runaways being dragged back
  to the South or, sometimes, being violently
  rescued. Some free blacks fled to Canada. To
  all Northerners, slavery no longer seemed a
  distant problem.

4

• Beginning in 1854, the nation under went a series
  of crises concerning slavery. Senator Stephen A.
  Douglas caused an uproar by pushing his
  Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. The act
  provided for popular sovereignty concerning
  slavery in those two territories. In effect, the
  settlers themselves would decide whether or not
  to permit slavery. Slaveholders and Northerners
  rushed into Kansas. Soon a small civil war broke
  out there.

5

• In 1854 a new nativist political party was
  formed. This so-called Know-Nothing Party was
  remarkably successful in state elections. At
  the same time, another new party the Republican
  appeared. Republicans based their 1856
  Presidential campaign on opposition to slavery in
  the territories. They failed to win, but gained
  enough votes to effectively destroy the
  Know-Nothings and become the chief rivals of the
  Democrats.

6

• Events thereafter moved toward a crisis. In its
  Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that
  Congress could not keep slavery out of the
  territories and that no blacks could be citizens
  of the United States. Senator Douglas and a
  Republican politician named Abraham Lincoln held
  a widely publicized series of debates on the
  expansion of slavery into the territories. A
  radical abolitionist named John Brown led a raid
  on a federal arsenal in hopes of leading slaves
  to freedom.

7
Essential Question

• What were the major reform movements prior to the
  Civil War? How did they affect life in the North
  and South?

8
ANSWER

• Some of the major reform movements prior to the
  Civil War included the Temperance Movement, the
  common-school movement, the abolition movement,
  and the womens rights movement.
• The Temperance Movement wanted to prevent alcohol
  abuse because it was seen as a major cause of
  social problems. It seemed to embraced in
  general across the North and South.

9

• The common-school movement wanted to educate all
  children in a common place regardless of
  background (immigrant or native born) or class
  (upper, middle, or working class). The major
  leader of this movement was Horace Mann, who was
  the first Secretary of Education in the
  presidents cabinet. This movement was mostly
  found in the north and mid-west. It was not
  applied widely in the South where slavery was
  found and this was because of race. Poor white
  children in the South had limited opportunities
  as well. All areas of the U.S. had few examples
  of co-educational schools and colleges (both male
  and female).

10

• The abolition movement wanted to end slavery
  (abolition) and free all the slaves
  (emancipation). It spread its movement through
  newspapers such as the Liberator (William Lloyd
  Garrison) and the North Star (Frederick Douglas)
  speech tours by the Grimkee sisters (white
  southern women), Frederick Douglas (an educated
  slave who escaped to freedom and spoke widely in
  the United States and Europe), and Sojourner
  Truth (who spoke for black women under slavery)
  and pamphlets. The movement was slowly embraced
  in the North and widely rebuked (disliked) in the
  South.

11

• The womens rights movement began when women got
  upset that they were not given equal treatment in
  the abolition movement (especially at the London
  Anti-Slavery Convention). They wanted equal
  educational opportunities, equal pay for equal
  work, the right to sit on jury, the right to
  vote, and discriminatory laws against women to be
  repealed. The purpose of the Seneca Falls
  Convention was to publicly address the social
  injustices towards women. The significance of
  the meeting is that it marked the beginning of
  the womens rights movement which would continue
  up to the present-day. (equal pay for equal
  work.) It was slowly embraced in the North over
  a period of many years, but meet more resistance
  in the traditional South.

12
Essential Question

• What events and attitudes led to increased
  sectional tension between north and south in the
  years leading to the Civil War?

13
ANSWER

• Events and attitudes that led to increased
  sectional tension between the North and South
  included the added territory to the U.S. from the
  Mexican War of 1850 and the addition of Texas.
  Other events include the Missouri Compromise, the
  Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and John
  Browns Raid on arsenal at Harpers Ferry in
  Virginia.

14
Essential Question

• Why did political compromise over slavery fail?
  Give examples to illustrate this.

15
ANSWER
16
Essential Question

• What effect did the Fugitive Slave Act have on
  citizens? How did territorial expansion inflame
  the debate over slavery?

17
ANSWER

• Effect The Fugitive Slave Act made it a crime
  to assist runaway slaves and allowed them to be
  arrested even in areas where slavery was illegal.
  Many slaveholders took advantage of it
  immediately. It struck fear into many African
  Americans in the North, who fled to Canada. The
  act offended northerners over the lack of trial
  by jury and the bribes given to commissioners.
  Abolitionists were very vocal. Northerners
  resisted the act without resorting to violence,
  but blooded was shed several times.
• Territorial Expansion The Fugitive Slave Act
  inflamed the debate over slavery because
  political leaders had to decide whether the
  territory in the Mexican Cession would allow
  slavery or become free soil. This included the
  admission of California as a free state, the
  debate on the Wilmont Proviso, popular
  sovereignty in the Compromise of 1850, the
  dividing of the remainder of the Louisiana
  Purchase in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which upset
  the old Missouri Compromise, and the Freeport
  Doctrine given by Stephen Douglas in the
  Lincoln-Douglas debates after the Dred Scott
  decision.

18
Essential Question

• How did Uncle Toms Cabin help fuel the fire
  against slavery for people in the North? How did
  the South react?

19
ANSWER

• At an earlier age of 21, Harriet Beecher Stowe
  met with fugitive slaves in Ohio and listened to
  their stories. She decided to write a book on
  what slavery was like for northerners to read.
  It was about a kindly old slave named Tom who was
  separated from his wife when sold to a vicious
  cotton planter who beat him to death. It sold 2
  million copies in ten years and made many
  northerners abolitionists. The novel sparked
  outrage in the South and was called false.

20
Essential Question

• How did political leaders and citizens defend
  their beliefs and right under the Constitution
  concerning the divisive issues of the mid-1800s?

21
ANSWER
22
Essential Question

• Why was the Dred Scott court case verdict so
  controversial?

23
ANSWER

• Three Reasons
• 1 It Stated that blacks were not citizens and
  did not have the right to sue in federal court.
• 2 It declared that Dred Scot was not free
  because he returned to the slave state of
  Missouri after his owner died.
• 3 It declared the Missouri Compromise
  restriction on slavery north of 36 degrees 30 to
  be unconstitutional because it deprived property
  which was illegal under the 5th Amendment.
  Therefore, Congress could not ban slavery in
  federal territory.

24
Wilmot Proviso

• forbade slavery in any part of the Mexican
  Cession.

25
Sectionalism

• was a preference for one regions interests over
  those of the country as a whole.

26
Popular Sovereignty

• would allow each territorys voters to decide
  whether to permit slavery.

27
Zachary Taylor

• In the presidential election of 1848, Senator
  Cass ran against war hero____, but neither
  candidate addressed keeping slavery out of the
  new territory.

28
Free-Soil Party

• was a new political party created by some
  antislavery northerners.

29
Henry Clay

• proposed a compromise in which California would
  join as a free state, but voters would decide
  through popular sovereignty whether to allow
  slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession.

30
Compromise of 1850

• allowed California to join as a free state, but
  voters would decide through popular sovereignty
  whether to allow slavery in the rest of the
  Mexican Cession.

31
Fugitive Slave Act

• made it a crime to assist runaway slaves and
  allowed authorities to arrest them anywhere in
  the Union.

32
Uncle Toms Cabin

• .was a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that
  showed the terrible conditions of slaves lives.

33
Harriet Beecher Stowe

• wrote a novel called Uncle Toms Cabin which
  angered many southerners.

34
Franklin Pierce

• was nominated by the Democrats and won by a
  landside that wiped out the Whig Party.

35
Stephen Douglas

• introduced a bill in Congress that would divide
  the remaining Louisiana Purchase land into two
  territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and use popular
  sovereignty.

36
Kansas-Nebraska Act

• was a bill introduced by Douglas in Congress
  that would divide the remaining Louisiana
  Purchase land into two territories where voter
  would decide the question of slavery through
  popular sovereignty.

37
Pottawatomie Massacre

• was when abolitionist John Brown fought back,
  killing five pro-slavery men and burning their
  homes.

38
Pottawatomie Massacre

39
Charles Sumner

• was a senator from Massachusetts who criticized
  slavery supporters and insulted a South Carolina
  senator. He was beat unconscious with a cane by
  Preston Brooks.

40
Preston Brooks

• beat Sumner unconscious with a cane for
  insulting South Carolina senator Andrew Pickens
  Butler.

41
Republican Party

• was a newly formed political party, which was
  dedicated to preventing the spread of slavery.

42
Republican Party
43
James Buchanan

• had no associations with the divisive
  Kansas-Nebraska Act, and won the presidential
  election of of 1856.

44
John C. Fremont

• was a former explorer and the Republican
  candidate for president in 1856 who lost.

45
Dred Scott

• was a slave who sued for his freedom. He argued
  that because he had lived where slavery was
  illegal, he was no longer a slave.

46
Roger B. Taney

• was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who
  wrote the majority opinion in the Dred Scott
  decision. (He was from a slaveholding family.)

47
Dred Scott decision

• ruled that African Americans were not citizens,
  therefore, they did not have the right to sue in
  Federal Court in 1857.

48
Abraham Lincoln

• was a Republican who ran for the U.S. Senate in
  1858, and said that slavery was wrong and should
  not be allowed to spread.

49
Lincoln-Douglas debates

• were seven debates between Republican Abraham
  Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas.

50
Freeport Doctrine

• was stated by Douglas that no matter what the
  Supreme Court decided about slavery, the people
  themselves had the right to decide whether to
  allow slavery.

51
John Browns raid

• ..began in 1859 when Brown and his men broke into
  a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia to
  start a slave revolt.

52
John C. Breckinridge

• was the Democratic nominee for president in 1860.

53
Constitutional Union Party

• was started by former Whigs and recognized no
  political principles other than the U.S.
  Constitution.

54
John Bell

• was the Constitutional Union Partys nominee for
  president in 1860.

55
Secession

• was the act of formally leaving the Union.

56
John J. Crittenden

• proposed a compromise on slavery that would
  satisfy the South, but was rejected by Lincoln.

57
Confederate States of America

• Delegates from the seceded states gathered to
  form a new nation, the ____.

58
Confederate States of America

59
Jefferson Davis

• was elected as president of the Confederate
  States of America.

60
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