Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Second Semester Review

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Endocrine System

• Endocrine glands
• a. are made of epithelial tissue
• b. secrete hormones
• c. are stimulated by the nervous system
• d. all of the above
• d.

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• A hormone
• a. is a secreted chemical
• b. is received by receptors on
• postsynaptic neurons
• c. always acts quickly
• d. all of the above
• a.

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• WHICH GLAND IS IT?
• The part of the brain that regulates the
  pituitary gland.
• Hypothalamus
• The gland that controls many other glands.
• Pituitary
• A gland housing immune cells until puberty
• Thymus
• A gland involved in digestion in the small
  intestine.
• Pancreas
• A gland involved in the fight and flight
  response.
• Adrenal

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Blood and CardiovascularT/F

• A function of the cardiovascular system is to
  transport wastes.
• True also nutrient, gases and fluids
• The cardiovascular system is involved in
  temperature regulation.
• True.

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• Which is not a cellular component of blood?
• Red blood cell
• White blood cell
• Blood plasma
• Platelets
• c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood
• Which component of blood helps clot the blood
  when you get a cut?
• d. platelets

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T/F

• The main function of white blood cells is to
  transport oxygen.
• False Red blood cells
• The main function of white blood cells is to
  fight disease.
• True

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Using blood as a diagnostic tool

• If you are anemic which type of blood cell count
  will be low- red or white?
• Red

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How are blood type determined?T/F
Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood
type. False Antigens The pH factor determines
if we have or blood type. FalseRh factor
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Blood transfusions

• What blood type is the universal donor?
• O-
• What blood type is the universal recipient?
• AB

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Match each structure with its function.

• Bring blood to the heart
• Prevent backward flow of blood
• Receiving chambers
• Blood vessel that leads to the lungs
• Pumping chambers
• Blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to
  the body

• Atria
• Ventricles
• Valves
• Inferior and superior vena cava
• Pulmonary artery
• Aorta

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Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels
beginning at the heart

• Artery
• Vein
• Capillary

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( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for
gas exchange because they have thin permeable
walls. ( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls
that withstand the high pressure of blood as it
is pumped from the heart. Which is a more
worrisome blood pressure? 140/ 100 100/60
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• Watch this video
• Cardiac Conduction System
• Now answer the questions
• What structure is responsible for initiating
  action potentials in the heart?
• S-A node (pacemaker)
• The graph used to monitor the cardiac conduction
  system is called an _________________?
• EKG (ECG)
• The ventricles contract during the ____________
  wave.
• QRS

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What is the name of this graph? EKG Which
pattern is normal?
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Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Which of the following is not part of the
  lymphatic system?
• a. Lymph
• b. Lymph junctions
• c. Lymph nodes
• d. Lymph vessels
• b.

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Lymphatic structures
WORD BANK Lymph node Lymph vessel Right lymphatic
duct Spleen Thoracic duct Thymus Tonsils
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• Lymph comes from
• a. Tissue fluids
• b. Organ fluids
• c. Digestive fluids
• d. Reproductive fluids
• a.

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• Which is not true about lymph nodes.
• a. They filter lymph
• b. Serve as production site for antibodies
• c. Remove phagocytized material
• d. Produce red blood cells
• d.

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• Specific defenses against disease include species
  resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and
  inflammation.
• False Nonspecific defenses
• The immune system can attack foreign invaders.
• True

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(Before birth / After birth ) the body
determines what is self and non-self. Macrophages
attack cells which display (antibodies /
antigens ) that are non-self. Once macrophages
enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells /
Helper T-cells ) are activated. Helper T-cells
call out B cells to produce ( histamines /
antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the
infection. Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate )
the infection. Suppressor T-cells control (
killer T-cells / the infection ). Some B-cell
and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/
memory cells).
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• The condition in which the immune system attacks
  a persons own cells is known as
• A. an allergy
• B. autoimmunity
• C. self defense
• D. Cancer
• B.

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• An example of natural immunity is a vaccine.
• False acquired
• Allergies are normal responses to foreign
  invaders.
• False abnormal
• Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic
  reactions.
• True

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Respiratory system

• Which of the following is not a function of the
  respiratory system?
• Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen
• Warm and moisturize the air
• Filter particles
• Speech
• a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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Respiratory System

• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Epiglottis
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• Lungs

1. Small clusters involved in gas exchange
2. Branched airways leading to alveoli
3. Blocks material from entering trachea
4. Throat
5. Soft, spongy organs
6. Where air enters the body
7. Houses the vocal cords
8. Windpipe- filters incoming air

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The function of the nasal conchae is to

• reduce the weight of the skull
• filter the air
• swirl the air so it can be warmed and humidified
• cool and dry the air
• C.

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Match each structure with its function

• Passageway into lungs
• Where air enters the respiratory system
• Tube for both air and food
• Trap large particles
• Contains the vocal cords
• A tube connecting the larynx and bronchi

• Nostril
• Nasal hairs
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchiole Tubes

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• True or False?
• The microscopic alveoli within the lungs are the
  site of gas exchange.
• True

The blood vessels surrounding the alveoli
are (arteries / arterioles / capillaries /
venules / veins. )
Capillaries have thin walls, allowing gases to
easily diffuse in and out.
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• The CO2 is moving into the alveolus and the O2 is
  moving into the blood stream because of
  differences in
• A. pH
• B. partial pressure
• C. charge
• B.

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Ventilation

• Which of the following would not be associated
  with inhalation?
• Diaphragm
• The medulla oblongata
• The pons
• The pectoralis minor muscles
• The medulla

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Exhalation

• Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic
  recoil.
• True
• Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely
  collapsing after an exhalation.
• False Surfactant

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What will happen to breathing rate in each of the
following situations? Fight or
flight? Increase Hyperventilation in fresh
air? Decrease An out of shape person climbing
stairs? Increase
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Digestive System

• The purpose of the digestive system is to
  mechanically and chemically break down food for
  the purpose of absorption.
• True
• Digestion is aided by enzymes.
• True

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• The biochemical broken down in the mouth?
• Carbohydrates
• The biochemical broken down in the stomach?
• Proteins
• The biochemical broken down in the small
  intestine?
• Lipids

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Circle the best answer

• The ( lymph / salivary ) glands produce enzymes
  that break down carbs.
• The ( teeth / tongue ) aid(s) in swallowing.
• The ( epiglottis / glottis ) prevents food from
  entering the respiratory system.

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• The ( gallbladder / liver ) makes bile that
  emulsifies large fat droplets.
• Bicarbonate is secreted into the
• ( small intestine / large intestine ) to
  neutralize stomach acid.
• Absorption of most nutrients takes place in the (
  small intestine / large intestine ) .
• The large intestine absorbs ( feces / water ).

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How is the nutrient important?

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Vitamins/Minerals

• Provide quick energy
• Long term energy
• Essential for normal cell function, growth and
  development
• Make up body structures such as muscle and skin
• Dissolves chemicals, transports heats, lubricates
  joints

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Urinary System

• The function of the urinary system is to maintain
  proper levels of
• water
• electrolytes
• hydrogen Ions
• all of the above
• D.

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Word Bank calyx, capsul,e column, cortex,
pelvis, pyramid, renal artery, renal vein, ureter
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• The kidneys filter blood to remove
• ( wastes / nutrients )
• The renal ( cortex / medulla ) is the site of
  filtration.
• The renal pyramid is made of
• ( nephron tubules / ureters).

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• If your are vigorously exercising on a hot and
  humid day for a long period of time you should.
• Drink water
• Replace lost electrolytes
• Monitor urine output
• All of the above
• D. And take lots of breaks!

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Reproductive System

• You can live without your reproductive system.
• True
• The primary sex organ of the male is the penis.
• False testes
• The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary.
• True

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• The menstrual cycle prepares the womans body for
  fertilization.
• True
• Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an
  egg.
• True
• A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo
  implants itself in the fallopian tubes.
• False uterus

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