FARMAKOLOGI

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• FARMAKOLOGI
• BEBAN STUDI 3 SKS
• Kuliah 2 SKS dan Praktikum 1 SKS
• Dosen Pengasuh 5 Orang
• GBPP ?SAP yang telah disepakati terdiri dari
• 1. Farmakologi Umum (4 jam)
• 2. Obat ANS Relaksasi otot (6 jam)
• 3. Obat Anestesi lokal umum (4 jam)
• 4. Obat Diuretik (2 jam)
• 5. Obat Sedatif-Hipnotik CNS Stimulan (2 jam)
• 6. Obat Analgesik, antipiretik antiinflamasi
  (2 jam)
• 7. Obat Hemostatika (2 jam)
• 8. Hormon Uterotonika (2 jam)
• 9. Histamin dan Antihistamin (2 jam)

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• Pembobotan Penilaian Mata Kuliah
• 1. Tugas bobot 1,5 13,64
• 2. Kuis/tentamen dll bobot 1,5 13,64
• 3. Soft skill bobot 1 9,09
• 4. UTS bobot 2 18,8
• 5. UAS bobot 3 27,27
• 6. Praktikum bobot 2 18.18
• bobot 11 100
• Presensi Wajib kuliah
• Nilai E minimal 75
• Nilai D,C BC minimal 50

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• PRAKTIKUM (1 SKS)
• GBPP ? SAP disepakati 6 materi praktikum
• 1. Cara pemberian obat
• 2. Obat yg berpengaruh thd. Tekanan darah
• 3. Mengenal stadium anestesi umum
• 4. Obat yg berpengaruh pada Diuresis
• 5. Obat menurunkan rasa nyeri
• 6. Obat penghambat inflamasi.
• Presensi Wajib Praktikum 100
• Kelompok Praktikum ? Dibagi 6 kelompok
• A1 dari kelas A nomor urut 1-45
• A2 dari kelas A nomor urut 46-69
• B1 dari kelas B nomor urut 1-55
• B2 dari kelas B nomor urut 56-70
• C dari kelas C dan
• D dari kelas D

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GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

• BY
• D.K. Meles

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• PHARMACOLOGY
• PHARMACON Drug/ Poison
• LOGOS Science
• PHARMACOLOGY Science to Study of drug
• DRUG All of substance to influence life system
  ? application to prevent,
  diagnostic and therapeutics
• SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY -?
• PHARMACOKINETIC
• PHARMACODYNAMIC
• PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC
• PHARMACOGNOSI
• TOXICOLOGY

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• DRUG ? All of Substance to influence life process
  in use to prevent, therapeutics and diagnostic of
  disease.
• Have criterion
• 1. Effectiveness Rivesible effect
• 2. Savety (Margin of savety) ?
• Therapeutics Index.
• 3. High Selectivity

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• PHARMACOKINETIC
• ABSORPTION
• DISTRIBUTION
• BIOTRANSFORMATION
• EXCRETION

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• ABSORPSI OBAT Moving Process or to remove of
  drug from tissue to another tissue ? to cross the
  membrane with spesific mechanism.
• TRANSPORT PASIVE? Different Concentration, No
  need Energy, non spesific
• DIFFUSION? NON-IONIC
• FILTRATION ? POROUS
• FASCILITATIVE DIFFUSION ? CARRIER
• TRANSPORT ACTIVE? OPPOSITION GRADIENS
  CONCENTRATION, Need Energy Spesificity
• 3. PINOSITOSIS/ EXOSITOSIS/ ENDOSITOSIS.

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• DRUG ABSORBTION ? Account in from drug dose
• DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY? Prosentage drug to reach
  site of action. Was count from dose of drug (for
  drug sistemik only).
• FACTOR2 TO INFLUENCE RATE OF DRUG ABSORBTION
• 1. Route of drug application
• 2. Circulation of place application drug.
• 3. Solubelity of drug
• 4. Ionization Rate of Drug
• 5. Broad of absorbtion area.
• 6. Size of molecule particle of drug
• 7. Drug Formulation

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• ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
• 1. ENTERAL (SUBLINGUAL, PER-ORAL, PER-ANAL)
• 2. PARENTERAL (SC., IM., IV., INTRAPERITONEAL)
• 3. TOPICAL (SKIN, MUCOSA)
• 4. PERINHALATION.
• Sub-Lingual
• Condition ? Iritation, Damage by gastric Acid
• Damage from drug metabolis.To clause
  ?
• Dilute in saliva, Non-iritan
  Lipofilik.

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• PER-ORAL
• General, easy, safety and cheap.
• Influenced by GIT motility
• Absorbtion ? Diffusi pasive, depend on rate of
  disolution disintegration.
• No application in consciousless.
• PER-RECTUM
• Applicated in condition gastric iritation,
  vomiting, damage by gastric acid.
• Rate of absorbtion irreguler, Sometimes rectum
  irritation

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• Per-injection
• Benefid Quick in absorbtion, vomit condition
  consciousless and emergency applicated
• Wickedness must be sterilzation, cant self
  uses, pain, ralative more expensive.
• Intra-Vena
• No absorbtion process ? direct in blood
• Onset dan Duration ? quickly
• Iritatif drug can applicated
• Drug toxicity ? Low in therapeutics Index
• Must be carefully

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• Intra-muskuler (I.M.) dan Sub-kutan (S.C.)
• Condition non-iritan drug, water soluble or
  suspention form.
• Quick in effect (imSc).
• Intraperitoneal
• In animal experimental applicated only? opten
  infection.
• Subtitute i.v. route
• Per-inhalation
• Use in gas form drug.
• Absorbtion a cross epithel mucosa quick.
• Need tools/ specific methode
• Dificult in dose count
• Topical ? Unguentum, drops for mocosa skin

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• DRUG DISTRBUTION
• AFTER ABSORBTION ?
• Extracelluler Fluids (Plasma 4,Interstesiil
  13).
• DRUG ? Protein plasma bound, Inactivation/
  metabolism process,
• ? Bound in reseptor? Respon/ drug effect,
• ? Exretion ? Renal
• Intraseluler Fluid 41
• DRUG ? Reseptor ? drug respons
• ? Prot. tissue. ? Non Spesific
  Reversibel. ? Bound in Fat ? Drug Reservoir.
• ? Metabolism (Biotransformation).
• Drugs lipid soluble? easy a cross membrane and
  distribution to intracelluler fluids,
• distribusi ke intraseluler.
• Opposite on non lipid soluble drug

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• BIOTRANSFORMATION
• MECHANISME TO CHANGE DRUGS STRUCTURE TO BE
• Decrease in fat solublelity
• to break in ionized
• Decrease in protein plasm/ tissue
  bound.
• Biotransformation ? Drug to be in active
• Metabolite Aktive
• Prontosil (In vitro) ? Sulfanilamid.
• Proguanil ? Metabilite aktif.

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• MECHANISME OF BIOTRANSFORMATION
• DRUG
• ABSORBTION
• 
  
• 
  DISTRIBUSTION? protein bound
• 
  
  reseptor bound
• 
  
  Excretion
• 
  BIOTRANSFORMATION
• 
  (metabolism)
  
• FASE I FASE II
• Oksidation? cytochrom axidase 1.
  Sulfation? Sulfonyl transferase
• Reduction? Declorinasi 2.
  Glucorhonidation? G.transferase
  
• 3. Hidrolysis?Esterase, Amidase 3.
  Conjugation? As.Glukoronat
• 4. Hydrasi? Hidrolase
  4. AcetYlation, Methylation
• BM lt 300 BMgt
  300 BMlt 300

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• PHARMAKODYNAMIC
• Pupose To know drug effect
• To know drug Interaction
• To know spectrum drug respons
• MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Interaction with drug reseptor ? to change
  biochemical Physiological process (
  Neurotransmitter)? Respons.
• Physical-chemist Characteristic of drug ? Drug
  respons
• Chelating Agent ? drug respons
• Drug incorporation with celluler structure ? drug
  respon

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• DRUGS INTERACTION
• SYNERGISM ? ADITIVE POTENTIATIVE
• ANTAGONISM
• A. Chemist Heparin X Protamin
• A. Functional/Physiological ( NE X Histamin)
• A. Selective ? Receptor Drugs.
• A. Selective Competitive In seem
  receptor.
• Riversible ACH x Atropin
• Irreversible NE x Prazosin
• A. Selective non-competitive ? Different
  receptor,
• D-R bound cant break in highly dose.
• Papaverin x Histamin ( Papaverin x ACH)

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• DOSE measure / quantity of drug to give for
  individual until a cross activity threshold but
  cant cross Toxicity threshold.
• Margin Of safety LD50 ED50
• INFLUANCE FACTOR OF DOSE
• BODY WEIGHT( BW)
• OLD
• RUST
• SeX
• Time of administration
• Patological Disholder
• Genetic factor
• Tolerance

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• DRUG TOXICITY
• Wrong in drug administration Tetracycline (I.V)
  ? konvulsive. Penicilline (I.V.) ? Presipitation.
• To remain the drug effect ( Excessive dose/ Over
  dose, Ren liver malfunction, genetic factor,
  drug interaction).
• Hypersensitive reaction (Allergy) Dermatitis,
  Asthma, Shyok anafilactic, damage in liver ren,
  damage in bonemarrow.
• Blood discrasia, as well as Leucopenia, aplastic
  anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, thrombositopenia.
• Toxicity in liver ren
• Teratogenic effect.

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• RESEARCH OF DRUG
• TO INVENTION THE NEW DRUG ?
• EMPERICALLY
• RASIONALITY
• UNEXPECTED (KEBETULAN)
• SCREENING PROCESS
• 2. PREKLINIK TRIAL ?
• Activity Test Side effect Test
• Uji Pharmacokinetic dan Pharmacodynamic
• Uji Farmacy yang meliputi
• Uji Kualitative dan Kuantitative bahan
• Uji Stability
• Uji Sifat Physic dan Chemist
• Uji drug formulation
• Uji general toxicity Uji Acute , Sub Acute
  Chronic Toxicity Test
• Uji specific toxicity Uji Teratogenic,
  Mutagenic dan Carcinogenic

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