The%20Unifications%20of

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NATIONALISM

• The Unifications of
• GERMANY
• and
• ITALY

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What is NATIONALISM?

• Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation
  of people
• It is a sense of national identity exalting one
  nation above all others
• It can be defined as pride in ones nation, and
  it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic
  group to have its own country

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WHAT FORMS A NATION? THESE SIX THINGS ARE WHAT
GIVE A GROUP OF PEOPLE IDENTITY AS A NATION-STATE
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ITALY and GERMANY TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
While nations like Spain, Russia, France, and
England were UNITED under a single government,
the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into
numerous small states (Germanic people were found
in numerous small states like Prussia, Bavaria,
and Hanover)
GERMAN STATES
ITALIAN STATES
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• Italy in 1815 was not a unified nation it was
  divided into three regions

Parts were controlled by Austria and France
Parts were independent and had their own kings
Parts were controlled by the Pope
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In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification
movement as Italians began to see themselves as
having a shared history (ancient Rome,
Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies
(Napoleonic Wars)
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GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

• Mazzini was a radical who established the
  nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 with the
  goal of unifying Italy

He led a revolution in 1848, which led to a brief
Italian republic (but Italy was not totally
unified)
Mazzini was overthrown and seen as TOO radical
and extreme
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COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
In 1849, the king of Sardinia named
Cavour his Prime Minister
Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by
increasing industry and reducing the Popes
influence
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COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR
He wanted to unify all Italian states, but ONLY
if Sardinia led the unification movement
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Cavour fought wars locally and against Austria
(who had claimed parts of Italy) to unite the
Northern Italian states under the kingdom of
Sardinia
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GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI
Meanwhile, radical nationalists prepared for a
revolution in Southern Italy in an effort to
unite the southern states
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GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

• Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had
  joined Mazzinis Young Italy and helped in the
  Latin American independence movements

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GARIBALDI AN ITALIAN HERO
Let him who loves his country follow me.
Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle,
named his forces the Redshirts
He wanted a unified Italy under a republic style
of government
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ITALY IS UNIFIED
Garibaldi successfully led the unification of
Southern Italy, while Cavour saw to the
unification of Northern Italy now the goal was
to link the two parts together
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Cavour was unhappy with Garibaldi possibly
replacing him as the unifier of Italy
Cavour does not want a republic he wants
Sardinias king in charge of a united Italy
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Cavour, an experienced politician, convinced the
patriotic Garibaldi to give up his southern
conquests to Sardinias king in the interest of
the common good

• By 1871, Italys Northern and Southern halves are
  unified and a new country under a constitutional
  monarchy emerges ITALY

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GERMANY
Germany was the last European country to unify
all of its parts into a single nation
There had been attempts to unify in the past
centuries, but they met with failure
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GERMANY
At one point, Germany had been divided into
nearly 200 independent states (all run by various
kings and princes who had their little pieces of
territory)
At the time of the Congress of Vienna, 39
Germanic states were loosely associated (called
the German Confederation)
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PRUSSIA
Prussia was the most powerful and influential of
the 39 German states
Austria was the only other German-speaking nation
that rivaled Prussias power
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PRUSSIA
Prussia had a great deal of military and
industrial power
Prussia badly wanted to unify the 39 states into
a new nation, Germany
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PRUSSIA

• Prussia was not a country with an army, but an
  army with a country.

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OTTO VON BISMARCK
Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of
Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarcks goal was the unification of the German
states under the leadership of Prussia
He led a conservative political party called the
Junkers (wealthy landowners)
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OTTO VON BISMARCK

• Otto was an advocate of realpolitik politics
  of reality where there is no room for idealism
• Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force,
  threats, and deceit as ways to achieve Prussias
  political goals

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BLOOD AND IRON

• In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known
• Germany will not be united through speeches and
  diplomacy, but through blood and iron.

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BLOOD AND IRON
The blood Bismarck was speaking of referred to
people of German blood uniting together and the
iron referred to the power of Prussias
industry and military
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To unite the German states, Bismarck started wars
with Denmark, Austria, and France
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The Franco-Prussian War against France convinces
the Catholics in southern Germany that
unification with Prussia was better than
unification with France
Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North
German Confederation (a united northern Germany
under Prussias control)
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PRUSSIA IS VICTORIOUS
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GERMANY IS UNITED
By rallying the German people together in these
wars, Prussia gains support from all German
states for unification under one government
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In 1871, Wilhelm I (the First) becomes Kaiser
(emperor) of the united Germany
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Otto von Bismarck becomes the Chancellor of
Germany
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Each German state has a local ruler and army
and handles its own domestic affairs, butthe
Kaiser heads the German national government
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THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS

• The balance of power in Europe is disturbed by
  the sudden emergence of Germany as a military and
  industrial powerhouse
• Germany wants what many European countries
  already have a rich and powerful empire
• This competition will eventually lead to the
  bloodiest, most destructive wars in human history

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Created by Christopher Jaskowiak