The Unification of Italy 18301870

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The Unification of Italy (1830-1870)
Britannica.com

• The Risorgimento
• Revival

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THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
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Background

• French Revolution and Napoleons actions in Italy
  inspired Italian nationalists. However,
  obstacles remained after 1815
• Independence of smaller Italian states
• Many monarchs related to Austrian Habsburgs
  (ruling family of Austria)
• Pope opposed to Italian unification
• Wanted some measure of autonomy over the Papal
  States
• Austrian Empire
• directly controlled predominantly
  Italian-speaking northeastern part of present day
  Italy
• single most powerful force against unification
• Austrian Empire fought hard against nationalist
  sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula

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Prominent Leaders of Unification

• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Count Cavour
• Victor Emmanuel II

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Giuseppe Mazzini
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Giuseppe Mazzini

• A member of the Carbonari coal burners (Italian
  revolutionary group)
• Organized La giovine Italia (Young Italy)
• A political society
• its basic principle was the union of the several
  states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a
  single republic
• Believed that Italian unification could only be
  achieved through a popular uprising
• His importance was more ideological than practical

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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Giuseppe Garibaldi

• In 1833, met Giuseppe Mazzini
• Joined the Young Italy movement and the Carbonari
  revolutionary association
• February 1834 he participated in a failed
  Mazzinian insurrection in Piedmont and fled
• Returned to Italy in 1848
• Roman Republic under threat from French forces
• Garibaldi took up the command of the defense of
  Rome
• city fell on June 30, 1849
• Garibaldi was forced to flee

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Count Camillo di Cavour
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Count Camillo di Cavour

• In 1847, became a political journalist with his
  newspaper Il Risorgimento in Turin
• Favored an expanded Piedmont rather than a
  unified Italy
• Resented the control that Austria had over the
  country
• when an uprising in Milan against the Austrians
  occurred in 1849, Cavour saw the war that
  followed as the chance to expel the Austrians
  once and for all
• the war was unsuccessful for Piedmont
• Cavour was finally brought in to the Chamber of
  Deputies, gaining a reputation as a
  non-revolutionary progressive
• Became Prime Minister of Piedmont on 4 November
  1852

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Victor Emmanuel II
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Victor Emmanuel II

• Became king of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849
• father abdicated after an overwhelming military
  defeat by the Austrians
• In 1852 Victor Emmanuel II gave Count Camillo di
  Cavour the title of Prime Minister
• Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the
  Italian Risorgimento

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1830

• Revolutionary sentiment in favor of a unified
  Italy began to grow
• Insurrections took place throughout the Papal
  States
• Chose the tri-color as their flag
• Pope Gregory XVI asked for Austrian help against
  the rebels
• Spring of 1831
• Austrian army began its march across the Italian
  peninsula
• crushed resistance in each province that had
  revolted

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1848

• Revolutions all over Italy
• Results
• No change when all rebellions were suppressed

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War of 1859

• Summer of 1858
• Cavour met with Napoleon III of France and signed
  a secret agreement
• Agreed to a joint war against Austria
• Piedmont would gain the Austrian territories in
  Italy (Lombardy and Venetia), as well as the
  Duchies of Parma and Modena
• France would be rewarded with Piedmont's
  transalpine territories of Savoy and Nice
• Cavour was to provoke the Austrians into
  aggression by encouraging revolutionary activity
  in Lombardy
• Austrian ultimatum was refused by Sardinia,
  leading to Austrian attack

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War of 1859

• The war itself was quite short
• Battle of Magenta
• French and Sardinians were victorious over the
  Austrian army
• Austrians withdrew from most of Lombardy
• Battle of Solferino
• bloody engagement
• French were again victorious
• Austrians withdrew behind the Quadrilateral of
  fortresses on the borders of Venetia

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Results of War of 1859

• Napoleon III meets with Franz Josef
• Sardinia-Piedmont takes Lombardy, no other
  changes
• Smaller northern Italian states form the United
  Provinces of Central Italy
• Napoleon III agrees to their incorporation into
  Sardinia-Piedmont after compensation of Savoy and
  Nice being transferred to France

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1860

• Only four states remain in Italy
• Sardinia-Piedmont
• Venetia
• Papal States
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

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Initial Unification

• Garibaldi invades Sicily and takes control of the
  island in short order
• After consolidation of power in Sicily, Garibaldi
  invades the mainland
• Takes Naples, the capital of the Two Sicilies
• Still not able to completely defeat the army of
  the Two Sicilies
• Calls for help from Sardinia-Piedmont

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Initial Unification

• Combined army of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
  finally defeats the army of the Two Sicilies
• King of Two Sicilies abdicates
• Two Sicilies united with Sardinia-Piedmont in an
  Italian state
• Only Papal States and Venetia remain outside the
  union

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Moves on Rome

• French troops stationed in Rome to support the
  pope
• Garibaldi demands that Italian state attack Rome
• Government refuses
• Garibaldi, with 2,000 volunteers moves on Rome
  but is barred by Italian troops
• Victor Emmanuel II reaches agreement with
  Napoleon III for French to leave by 1866

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Austro-Prussian War

• Italy supports Prussia
• Invades Venetia in 1866
• Defeated in battles both on land and on sea
• With defeat of Austria in the war
• Italy awarded Venetia
• Only Rome stayed outside of a united Italy

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Rome

• French troops move back into Rome
• Various threats to Rome by Italian groups from
  1866 1870
• With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of
  1870, France returns troops to France to fight in
  the war
• Italy takes Rome after French defeat at Sedan
• Pope withdraws inside Vatican
• Rome becomes capital of Italy